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Chapter 2:
Open Versus Closed Systems
Test Bank
Multiple Choice (25)
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of an open-systems organization?
a. An organization sealed off from the outside
b. Internal explanations for organizational events and challenges
c. Explanations are easier and preferable theoretically
*d. An unpredictable and changing environment
Answer location: (Open System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) p. 48
Question Type: MC
2. The workload of the local police department is increasing. Which of the following is a possible
external factor that may be useful in explaining this workload increase from an open-systems
perspective?
a. Officers are retiring
b. Morale among officers is low due to poor leadership
c. Equipment is failing
*d. Economic conditions are leading people to commit more crime
Answer location: (Open System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) p. 48
Question Type: MC
3. Closed systems models of organizations emerged from the problems of what historical period?
*a. Mid-1800s (Industrial Revolution)
b. Early-1900s (Progressive Era)
c. 1940s (World War II)
d. 1960s (Civil Rights Era)
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 28
Question Type: MC
4. The father of scientific management is widely considered to be __________.
a. Henri Fayol
b. Max Weber
*c. Frederick Taylor
d. Douglas McGregor
Answer location: (Scientific Management) p. 28
Question Type: MC
5. Which of the following is not considered a classical or machine model of management?
a. Scientific management
b. Bureaucratic management
*c. Total quality management
d. Administrative management
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 28
Question Type: MC
6. Scientific management and bureaucratic management are commonly referred to as __________ of
management.
a. Machine models
b. Traditional models
c. Classical models
*d. All of the above
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 28
Question Type: MC
7. Time motion studies are most closely identified with __________.
*a. Scientific management
b. Bureaucratic management
c. Administrative management
d. Human relations theory
Answer location: (Task Performance) p. 28
Question Type: MC
8. One of the criticisms levied against scientific management is that the worker is hired for his/her
physical labor rather than his/her mind. In which of the following examples is this criticism largely
absent?
*a. A probation officer has considerable freedom in developing a treatment plan for her
probationers.
b. A correctional officer is told by his sergeant what to do, how to do it, and when to do it.
c. A police officer, on his first day of duty, is given an 839 page policy manual to follow.
d. A new security officer is told by his supervisor to “do as you’re told and speak when spoken to.”
Answer location: (Motivation) p. 30
Question Type: MC
9. A police department detective unit assigns case to detectives based on three crime types—
homicide/robbery, vice and narcotics, and all others. This assignment is most consistent with
Fayol’s principle of __________.
a. Discipline
b. Centralization
c. Scalar chain
*d. Division of work
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 31
Question Type: MC
10. Fayol advocated all of the following except __________.
a. Employees should receive some level of job security to develop experience and expertise
b. Management should work to develop positive relationships among employees
c. Employees should be compensated at a fair rate
*d. Power should be concentrated at the level of the frontline worker
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 32
Question Type: MC
11. A probation officer questions whether to revoke the probation of an offender. One supervisor
instructs the officer to violate the individual’s probation. A second supervisor instructs the same
officer to overlook the infraction. The probation officer is now faced with a dilemma of deciding
who to listen to, a problem produced by a violation of which of Fayol’s principles of management?
a. Authority
*b. Unity of command
c. Unity of direction
d. Scalar chain
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 31
Question Type: MC
12. Which of the following models primarily focuses on the work performed by the frontline worker?
*a. Scientific management
b. Administrative management
c. Bureaucratic management
d. Total quality management
Answer location: (Administrative Management) pg. 31
Question Type: MC
13. Bureaucratic organizations are designed to overcome the problem of nepotism by emphasizing
_________.
*a. Impersonal social relations
b. Hierarchy of authority and spheres of competence
c. Task specialization
d. None of the above
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 33
Question Type: MC
14. Which of the following best illustrates the idea of task specialization?
a. A judge handles all cases—civil, criminal, family, and juvenile
b. A parole officer supervises all offenders released in the community
*c. A prosecutor only handles appeals, leaving the pre-trial and trial stages to other prosecutors
d. A police detective is considered a generalist, responsible for investigating all crime types
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 35
Question Type: MC
15. The idea of red tape results from bureaucracy’s emphasis on __________.
a. Impersonal relations
b. Task specialization
*c. Rules and procedures
d. Merit-based promotion and selection
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 37
Question Type: MC
16. The War on Drugs has resulted in the passage of statutes requiring lengthy mandatory terms of
incarceration for certain drug offenders even though rehabilitation might be more effective. The
strict adherence to the law without considering other innovative approaches may be described as
___________.
*a. Excessive rulification
b. The development of a grapevine
c. A departmentalization mentality
d. Over-innovation
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 37
Question Type: MC
17. A gang unit in a police department sees its work (apprehending gang members) as more important
than the work of patrol officers (enforcing the criminal law, more generally) to the point where
members are making it difficult for patrol officers to complete their jobs. The problem with the
gang unit may be described as __________.
a. Excessive rulification
b. The development of a grapevine
*c. A departmentalization mentality
d. Over-innovation
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 38
Question Type: MC
18. The dominant organizational model in criminal justice organizations today is __________.
a. Scientific management
b. Total quality management
c. Administrative management
*d. Bureaucratic management
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 39
Question Type: MC
19. The Hawthorne studies revealed a number of different findings related to the workplace. Which of
the following was not one of these findings?
a. Informal groups tend to develop in the workplace
b. Work attitudes help determine productivity
*c. Pay is the primary motivator of employees
d. Increased attention paid to workers led to increased output
Answer location: (Open-System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) p. 46-47
Question Type: MC
20. Which of the following is not one of the four basic characteristics that emerge from human relations
theory?
a. Individuals possess differences
b. Workers can be motivated to achieve organizational goals
c. Employees like to be treated with respect
*d. Workers are hired for their physical abilities rather than their mental abilities
Answer location: (Open-System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) p. 47
Question Type: MC
21. Total quality management emerged in the United States after company successes in the 1970s and
1980s in what country?
a. China
b. Great Britain
*c. Japan
d. Germany
Answer location: (Total Quality Management (TQM) Model) p. 48
Question Type: MC
22. As part of its Total Quality Management (TQM) approach, the Smithtown Police Department
regularly examines other police departments in search of successful strategies to adopt. This
process relates to the TQM idea of __________.
a. Employee involvement
b. Customer focus
c. Continuous improvement
*d. Benchmarking
Answer location: (Total Quality Management (TQM) Model) p. 49
Question Type: MC
23. According to the supply chain/synergy perspective, who is the immediate supplier of inmates to a
state prison?
a. The victim
b. The police
*c. The courts
d. 911 dispatchers
Answer location: (Supply Chain/Synergy Model) p. 52
Question Type: MC
24. All of the following models of organizations advocate considering customer input except ________.
a. Total quality management
b. The supply chain/synergy model
c. Learning organizations
*d. Administrative management
Answer location: (Open-System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) pgs. 48-56
Question Type: MC
25. Criminal justice organizations are influenced by their environment. Which of the following changes
has not occurred in recent years?
*a. Declining number of immigrants in the workforce
b. Technological advances including the widespread use of the Internet
c. Decreasing confidence in American businesses
d. Globalization
Answer location: (Changing Face of the Criminal Justice System— Need for a Learning Organization)
p. 57
Question Type: MC
True/False (16)
26. The open systems model states that the actions of organizations are best explained by reference to
internal organizational characteristics.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 27
Question Type: TF
27. Explanations for organizational events are likely to be more limited if one adopts an open-systems
approach.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 27
Question Type: TF
28. Classical perspectives such as scientific management, bureaucratic management, and administrative
management share the view that individuals are rational in their decision-making.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 28
Question Type: TF
29. Frederick Taylor believed that the best way to perform work could be identified using a manager’s
gut instincts or hunches.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Task Performance) p. 28
Question Type: TF
30. According to the principles of scientific management, managers were to be given authority only
related to their respective area of expertise.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Supervision) p. 29
Question Type: TF
31. Scientific management was criticized for incorrectly assuming that workers would behave in
predictable, similar ways.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Motivation) p. 30
Question Type: TF
32. Fayol’s principles of management suggest that authority in the organization should be concentrated
primarily at the bottom of the hierarchy.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 32
Question Type: TF
33. Fayol’s principle of centralization conflicts with modern management thought which views frontline
workers as capable and willing to make important decisions.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 33
Question Type: TF
34. Fayol proposed six general principles of management.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management) p. 31-32
Question Type: TF
35. The personable leader of a gang organization is incarcerated leading to the disintegration of the
gang. This illustrates Weber’s argument that authority should lie in the position, not a person.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Hierarchy of authority and spheres of competence) p. 34
Question Type: TF
36. The grapevine is a formal communication channel in organizations.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Bureaucratic Management) p. 37
Question Type: TF
37. The Hawthorne effect is based on the idea that workers will be more productive if their wages are
increased.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Open-System Models: The Humanistic Perspective) p. 46
Question Type: TF
38. Like in most classical perspective approaches, total quality management places little value on
employee input into key decisions about the organization.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Total Quality Management (TQM) Model) p. 49
Question Type: TF
39. If the components (subsystems) of the criminal justice system are operating in synergy, they are
coordinating and cooperating in order to get work done.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Supply Chain/Synergy Model) p. 51-52
Question Type: TF
40. Learning organizations can be considered closed system organizations.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: (Changing Face of the Criminal Justice System— Need for a Learning Organization)
p. 56
Question Type: TF
41. Learning organizations rely less on rules thereby allowing frontline workers to address dynamic
problems quickly.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: (Changing Face of the Criminal Justice System— Need for a Learning Organization)
p. 61
Question Type: TF
Short Answer (5)
42. Assuming the department of corrections is an open system, identify four external environmental
factors that may help people understand why the prison population is increasing in a particular
state.
Varies, but may include overall population increases in society, changes in demographics (age, etc.),
get tough laws passed by legislatures, more arrests by police, more convictions by prosecutors, etc.
Answer location: (Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective) p. 27
Question Type: SA
43. Frederick Taylor’s scientific management viewed the role of managers as fourfold. What was
expected of managers in order to create an effective and efficient organization?
Develop and codify procedures describing the best way to perform work, select workers with skills
and abilities to perform the work, train them in the procedures, and monitor and support them via
careful planning.
Answer location: (Task Performance) p. 29
Question Type: SA
44. Both Henri Fayol and Max Weber argued that a division of labor/task specialization contributed to a
more effective and efficient organization. How does dividing work into smaller tasks improve the
performance of those completing those tasks?
Workers develop expertise, something they could not do if they had to know everything. Workers
can master their individual tasks. There is less interference and each person becomes responsible
for completing their part of the task.
Answer location: (Fayol’s General Principles of Management, Bureaucratic Management) p. 32-33
and 35
Question Type: SA
45. Identify and briefly describe the four basic elements of total quality management.
Employee involvement (workers provide input), customer focus (they are the final judges of quality),
continuous improvement (enhance performance), and benchmarking (look to other organizations
for successful ideas).
Answer location: (Total Quality Management (TQM) Model)
