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Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
- Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him or her to engage in specific behaviours. True   False
- Persistence is an element of motivation. True   False
- Learned capabilities refer to the skills and knowledge that you have actually acquired. True   False
- Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people. True   False
- Learned capabilities are skills and knowledge that you possess. Therefore, they do not diminish over time when not in use. True   False
- Competencies refer to the extent to which people understand the job duties assigned to or expected of them. True   False
- According to the MARS model, ability is the most important force influencing individual behaviour and results.
True   False
- Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions, and situational factors that contribute to job performance. True   False
- The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behaviour. True   False
- According to the MARS model of individual behaviour and performance, employee performance will remain high even if one of the four factors significantly weakens. True   False
- Providing training is a person-job matching strategy. True   False
- One person-job matching strategy is to select applicants whose existing competencies best fit the required task.
True   False
- A recent global study suggests that most employees do not lack role clarity. True   False
- Employee role perception affects how one performs his or her job. True   False
- Companies can improve employee role perceptions by describing the employee’s assigned tasks clearly and providing meaningful performance feedback. True   False
- Situational factors are working conditions within the employee’s control. True   False
- While there may be many varieties of individual behaviours, most can be organized into five categories. True   False
- Task performance refers to goal-directed behaviours under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives. True   False
- Organizational citizenship behaviours are usually described clearly in job descriptions. True   False
- Employees are more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviours if these are outlined in their formal job duties. True   False
- Organizational citizenship is less likely to occur in a work environment where high cooperation already exists.
True   False
- Dark-side workplace behaviours are collectively known as counterfeit citizenship work behaviours (CWBs).
True   False
- Those who engage in counterproductive work behaviours do so voluntarily. True   False
- Recent studies have found that counterproductive work behaviours have a very small negative effect on organizational performance. True   False
- Joining the organization is a type of work-related behaviour. True   False
- Research has found that absenteeism is rarely, if ever, caused by situational factors. True   False
- Sick leave policies affect the employee’s motivation to attend work. True   False
- Personality is a relatively stable pattern of behaviours and internal states that help explain a person’s behavioural tendencies. True   False
- Personality traits are more evident in situations where social norms and reward systems constrain behaviour. True   False
- There is almost complete agreement among psychologists that personality is mostly formed by a person’s childhood socialization. True   False
- The five-factor model ”Big Five” personality dimensions represent five clusters that represent most personality traits. True   False
- Agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness are three of the ”Big Five” personality dimensions. True   False
- People with a low score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed, secure, and calm.
True   False
- Neuroticism, sensing, and locus of control are three of the ”Big Five” personality dimensions. True   False
- Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive, flexible, creative, and curious. True   False
- Sensing, feeling, and judging are three of the ”Big Five” personality traits. True   False
- Conscientiousness is one of the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups. True   False
- The relationship between personality and workplace behaviour is weak, because so much about behaviour is dependent on situational factors. True   False
- Employees who are conscientious tend to have higher levels of organizational citizenship. True   False
- Our personalities influence how well we cope with stress. True   False
- Agreeableness is a personality dimension that describes people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive.
True   False
- The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality test that measures the ”Big Five” personality dimensions. True   False
- According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, some people are ”sensing-thinking” types whereas others may be ”intuitive-feeling” types. True   False
- The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures the personality traits described by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. True   False
- In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, ”judging” types have a strong desire for order and want to resolve problems quickly. True   False
- Today, personality testing has become so popular that some experts warn we may have gone too far in organizational settings. True   False
- Some organizations now use applicants’ writings on blogs and other social media to estimate their personalities. True   False
- Values are stable, long-lasting beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations. True   False
- People arrange values into a needs hierarchy. True   False
- One dimension of Schwartz’s values model has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme. True   False
- One influence on the values-behaviour link is situation. True   False
- Since values are abstract concepts, their relevance to specific situations is not obvious most of the time. True   False
- Reminding ourselves of our dominant personal values ensures that we apply those values.
- Research indicates that values incongruence—differences between an employee’s personal values and the organization’s values—is fairly common. True   False
- The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization’s values. True   False
- Organizations that don’t align corporate values with the dominant values of the society in which they operate may experience increased employee turnover. True   False
- Espoused values represent the values that you and your spouse have in common. True   False
- Employees typically choose honesty/ethics as the most important characteristic of effective leaders. True   False
- Egalitarianism is one of three types of ethical principles. True   False
- Utilitarianism judges morality by the consequences of our actions, not the means to attaining those consequences. True   False
- Utilitarianism and egalitarianism are personality dimensions of ethics. True   False
- The utilitarian principle advises us to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
- The utilitarian principle is sometimes known as a consequential principle. True   False
- When choosing the most ethically correct action in a particular situation, the distributive justice principle overrules (is more important than) the others. True   False
- One problem with the distributive justice principle is that it is difficult to agree on who is similar and what factors are relevant in making that determination. True   False
- It is sometimes difficult to apply the individual rights principle of ethical decision making because one individual’s rights may conflict with another. True   False
- The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making is based largely on a cost-benefit analysis of each decision alternative. True   False
- Moral sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles. True   False
- Proximity is considered a moral intensity factor. True   False
- Moral intensity refers to the difficulty associated with making certain decisions. True   False
- Some managerial issues involve no moral intensity.
- Morally sensitive people tend to have more empathy and knowledge about the situation. True   False
- Research indicates that people almost always make ethical decisions even when under pressure to make unethical decisions. True   False
- Mindfulness increases moral sensitivity. True   False
- Ethics experts say the only way to ensure that employees engage in ethical behaviour is to introduce ethical codes of conduct. True   False
- Corporate leaders have a strong influence on the moral conduct of employees in that organization. True   False
- The most effective way organizations can support ethical conduct is to have a set of shared values that reinforce ethical conduct. True   False
- When leaders role-model ethical standards, employees are more likely to follow. True   False
- Supplementing ethical codes of conduct with ethical training eliminates wrongdoing in the workplace. True   False
- Research shows that having ethical codes of conduct prevents wrongdoing in the workplace. True   False
- In terms of cross-cultural values, Canadians tend to have relatively high individualism with an achievement orientation and low power distance. True   False
- Cultures with high collectivism must also have low individualism. True   False
- Two countries with low collectivism are Japan and Canada. True   False
- Power distance refers to the physical proximity that is comfortably tolerated between subordinates and their supervisors. True   False
- Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity, or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty. True   False
- People with a high achievement orientation value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism. True   False
- One limitation with cross-cultural values information is that it incorrectly assumes that everyone within a specific country holds similar values. True   False
- There is evidence to show that English and French Canadian values are converging. True   False
- Research indicates that Americans tend to be more liberal and egalitarian than are Canadians. True   False
- Organizations with First Nations founders and leaders tend to have high collectivism and low power distance values. True   False
- According to the MARS model, _______ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
- motivation
- personality
- values
- ethics
- ability
- Motivation affects a person’s ___________ of voluntary behaviour.
- direction, intensity, and persistence
- antecedents, consequences, and reinforcers
- size, shape, and weight
- aptitudes, abilities, and competencies
- agreeableness, locus of control, and ethical sensitivity
- In the MARS model, all of the following factors directly influence an employee’s voluntary behaviour and performance EXCEPT: A. motivation.
- role perceptions.
- situational factors.
- moral intensity.
- Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behaviour and performance? A. Utilitarianism
- MARS model
- Schwartz’s model
- Holland’s model
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Which of these factors directly influences an employee’s voluntary behaviour and performance? A. Motivation
- Role perceptions
- Uncertainty avoidance
- All of the answers are correct.
- Motivation and role perceptions
- Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job? A. Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes.
- Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes.
- Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes.
- Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs.
- All of the answers are correct.
- Ability includes which of these?
- Aptitudes and learned skills
- Natural aptitude and intensity
- Persistence and direction
- Intensity and learned capabilities
- Direction and intensity
- Aptitudes, skills, and competencies all fall under which of the following concepts? A. Motivation B. Personality
- Values
- Ethics
- Ability
- Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random? A. Persistence
- Direction
- Intensity
- Aptitude
- Competency
- ______ is the amount of effort allocated to the goal.
- Persistence
- Direction
- Intensity
- Aptitude
- Competency
- All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper-rolling machine. This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employee:
- aptitudes
- role perceptions
- motivation
- organizational citizenship
- learned capabilities
- Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job? A. Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes to begin with.
- Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes.
- Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes.
- Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs.
- Educate incumbents so they can learn appropriate attitudes.
- Competencies include: A. a person’s aptitudes.
- a person’s learned abilities.
- a person’s skills.
- All of the answers are correct.
- None of the answers apply.
- Customer orientation, social skills, and need for achievement are examples of: A. aptitudes
- competencies
- role perceptions
- situational factors
- None of the answers apply.
- IdaCorp. gives simple accounts to newly hired employees, then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks. This practice mainly: A. improves role perceptions.
- increases person-job matching.
- reduces employee motivation.
- provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task.
- improves employee aptitudes.
- The MARS model explicitly identifies which of the following factors?
- Rewards
- Recreational activities
- Neuroticism
- Situational factors
- All of the answers are correct.
- According to the MARS model of individual behaviour, which of the following is NOT a role perception problem?
- The employee lacks the proper tools to perform the job.
- The employee knows two different ways to perform a particular task, but unknowingly chooses the method that the organization does not want its employees to use.
- The employee doesn’t realize that a particular task is part of his or her job.
- The employee places more emphasis on the quantity of work whereas the organization wants more emphasis placed on the quality of work.
- The employee believes that the company wants him or her to spend more time with clients, whereas the company really wants client requests processed more quickly.
- Competencies relate most closely to which element in the MARS model of behaviour and performance? A. Motivation
- Situational factors
- Role perceptions
- Ability
- Competencies are not related at all to any element of the MARS model
- You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren’t sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely:
- emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making.
- have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.
- have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work.
- have above average organizational citizenship.
- have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland’s classification of occupations.
- To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day, a major telephone company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation. This altered employee behaviour mainly by:
- increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful.
- helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful.
- altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practising wasteful behaviour.
- increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful.
- increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful.