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Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e (Johnson)
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Living Things
2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which one of the following is the study of matter and the energy that causes matter to
combine, break apart, and recombine in everything living and nonliving?
A) biology
B) geology
C) chemistry
D) physics
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.0
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
2) Which one of the following characteristics applies to both living organisms and nonliving
things?
A) composed of matter
B) capable of reproduction
C) capable of storing energy for later use
D) capable of growth
E) composed of cells
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.0
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
3) A mad scientist has ripped apart an atom and collected all the subatomic particles located in
the nucleus of the atom. Which one of the following has he collected?
A) electrons
B) protons
C) protons and neutrons
D) electrons and protons
E) neutrons and electrons
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.1
GLO: G2

4) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the structure of the atom?
A) The nucleus is composed of equal numbers of positively charged particles and negatively
charged particles.
B) All electrons are located at the same distance from the nucleus.
C) In small elements, such as carbon, electrons have a positive charge; in larger elements, such
as barium, electrons have a negative charge.
D) Most of the mass of an atom is due to its protons and neutrons.
E) Neutrons carry a negative charge.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
5) Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the relationship between an
atom and an element?
A) An element is the fundamental unit of an atom.
B) An element is composed of atoms that are joined together by ionic and covalent bonds.
C) An atom is composed of different elements that are joined together by ionic and covalent
bonds.
D) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that demonstrates all of the properties of that
element.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
6) The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom can best be determined by
A) atomic mass.
B) the subscript number following the chemical symbol.
C) the atomic number.
D) the charge of the atom.
E) the chemical symbol.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7) Isotopes of an element have the same ________, but different ________.
A) number of electron shells; numbers of protons
B) atomic number; atomic masses
C) number of neutrons; numbers of protons
D) atomic mass; atomic numbers
E) name; chemical symbols
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
8) Radioisotopes have a number of uses in science and medicine. These uses include which one
of the following?
A) repairing damaged heart tissue
B) dating fossils and treating cancer
C) providing the power supply in heart pacemakers
D) treating asthma and regulating nerve transmission
E) curing diabetes
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
9) Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and an atomic mass of 35. Therefore, chlorine has
________ electrons and ________ neutrons.
A) 17; 18
B) 18; 17
C) 17; 35
D) 35; 17
E) 18; 18
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1

10) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding electrons, shells, and energy?
A) Electrons are located in shells around the nucleus.
B) Electrons are attracted to each other because they have the same charge.
C) In order for an electron to move closer to the nucleus, it must absorb energy.
D) The innermost electron shell has the most potential energy.
E) As an electron moves to a shell further from the nucleus, it loses energy.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
11) Which one of the following is a molecule?
A) NaCl
B) O
C) C
D) Lead
E) N
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G2
12) An example of potential energy is/are
A) bonds that hold atoms together.
B) energy for creating new molecules.
C) dancing.
D) running a marathon.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.2
GLO: G2
13) ________ bonds hold the hydrogens to the oxygen within a water molecule, and ________
bonds attract one water molecule to other water molecules.
A) Ionic; hydrogen
B) Hydrogen; ionic
C) Hydrogen; covalent
D) Covalent; hydrogen
E) Ionic; covalent
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1

14) Ions in body fluids of a human are referred to as
A) electrolytes.
B) osmolytes.
C) isotopes.
D) atoms.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1
15) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding water?
A) Each molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen
covalently bonded to each other.
B) The oxygen side of the water molecule is partially positive.
C) Water is a type of ion.
D) Electrons are shared equally between the atoms of water.
E) Water molecules are attracted to each other by ionic bonds.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1
16) Each of the following statements is TRUE regarding hydrogen bonds EXCEPT which one?
A) Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together.
B) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the attraction of Na+ to Cl-.
C) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for some aspects of the three-dimensional structure of
proteins.
D) Hydrogen bonds form between different water molecules.
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G2

17) Molecules such as water are referred to as ________ because they are electrically neutral
overall but still have partially charged regions.
A) electrolytes
B) polar molecules
C) ions
D) covalently charged
E) isotopes
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1
18) Water is an excellent solvent for biological systems because
A) it can maintain a relatively unstable temperature for chemical reactions to occur.
B) compounds with ionic bonds as well as those with polar covalent bonds readily dissolve in
water.
C) it is semisolid at body temperature, preventing it from flowing freely through the human
body.
D) it can rearrange its bonds, forming covalent bonds with other molecules once dissolved.
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.3
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.3
GLO: G1
19) A solution has been prepared by mixing glucose in water. Which one of the following
statements CORRECTLY describes this solution?
A) Both water and glucose are solutes.
B) Both water and glucose are solvents.
C) Water is the solute, and glucose is the solvent.
D) Water is the solvent, and glucose is the solute.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.3
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.3
GLO: G2

20) A solution with a pH of 6 has ________ times as many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH
of 8.
A) 1,000
B) 10
C) 100
D) 10,000
E) 100,000
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.4
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.4
GLO: G4
21) A student measuring the pH of the water in a fish tank found it to have a pH of 8. Which one
of the following statements is TRUE regarding that solution?
A) The water is alkaline.
B) The water does not contain hydrogen ions.
C) The water contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions.
D) The water is highly acidic.
E) The water is more alkaline than a solution with a pH of 10.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.4
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.4
GLO: G2
22) Body fluids in humans have a high buffering capacity because of
A) the presence of the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system.
B) the natural result of water as a solvent.
C) hydrogen bonding between water molecules in biological fluids.
D) shifts in blood pH that are required to maintain homeostasis.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.4
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.4
GLO: G1

23) Each of the following statements about carbon is TRUE EXCEPT which one?
A) All organic molecules contain carbon.
B) Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds.
C) Carbon atoms form diverse molecules that may be linear, branched, or circular.
D) Carbon can form strong hydrogen bonds with other elements.
E) Carbon can form bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, as well as another carbon atom.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.5
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.5
GLO: G2
24) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding macromolecules?
A) Cells cannot use macromolecules to signal other cells.
B) An example of a macromolecule is H2O.
C) Cells produce macromolecules by the process of hydrolysis.
D) Macromolecules are broken down by hydration synthesis.
E) Cells use certain macromolecules to store energy.
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 2.5
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.5
GLO: G1
25) Which one of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis reactions in biological
systems?
A) Hydrolysis reactions enable the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.
B) Hydrolysis reactions enable small molecules to be joined to form larger molecules.
C) Hydrolysis reactions generally require substantial input of energy.
D) Hydrolysis reactions are spontaneous and don’t require catalysis by enzymes.
E) Hydrolysis reactions generally occur for the purpose of energy storage.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.5
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.5
GLO: G1

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) Carbohydrates have which one of the following characteristics?
A) They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
B) They release energy when their peptide bonds are broken.
C) They are indigestible by most organisms.
D) They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1-2-1.
E) They are able to store and transmit genetic information.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.6
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.6
GLO: G1
27) Which one of the following is a very important source of energy for nearly all cells?
A) cellulose
B) deoxyribose
C) starch
D) glucose
E) ribose
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.6
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.6
GLO: G1
28) Lactose is a(n)
A) ribose.
B) monosaccharide.
C) oligosaccharide.
D) polysaccharide.
E) starch.
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.6
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.6
GLO: G1
29) Sucrose is an oligosaccharide made up of which one of the following sugars?
A) glucose and glucose
B) deoxyribose and ribose
C) starch and glycogen
D) maltose and glucose
E) glucose and fructose
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 2.6
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.6
GLO: G1

30) Lipids are important to biological systems because
A) they are solid at body temperature so they stabilize membranes.
B) some lipid types are potentially large sources of energy to perform cellular work.
C) most help to buffer aqueous solutions in the body.
D) all lipids are very soluble in water.
E) they are able to store and transmit genetic information.
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1
31) Which one of the following molecules is stored in adipose tissue and serves as an important
source of energy for the human body?
A) glucose
B) steroids
C) glycogen
D) triglycerides
E) phospholipids
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1
32) Which one of the following is a lipid?
A) cholesterol
B) alanine
C) maltose
D) glycogen
E) cellulose
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1

33) The most important physical characteristic of lipids with regard to living organisms is that
they
A) are hydrophobic.
B) are very large and therefore difficult to store.
C) dissolve easily in water.
D) are typically a form of waste product that is difficult to eliminate.
E) are denser than water.
Answer: A
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1
34) Which one of the following forms a bilayer structure that is found in cell membranes?
A) triglycerides
B) amino acids
C) cholesterol
D) phospholipids
E) saturated fats
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1
35) Pancreatic cells make insulin, which is a type of protein. These cells use ________ in order
to synthesize insulin by the process of ________.
A) oligosaccharides; hydrolysis
B) nucleotides; condensation
C) amino acids; dehydration synthesis
D) fatty acids and glycerol; hydrolysis
E) monosaccharides; dehydration synthesis
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G2

36) Each amino acid is composed of a central carbon that forms covalent bonds with four other
atoms/molecules. These atoms/molecules include each of the following EXCEPT which one?
A) an R group
B) an A group
C) an amino group
D) a hydrogen atom
E) a carboxyl group
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G1
37) Alpha helices and beta sheets are characteristic of protein
A) primary structure.
B) secondary structure.
C) tertiary structure.
D) quaternary structure.
E) enzymatic structure.
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G1
38) Which one of the following is a function of a protein?
A) stores genetic material and enables its transmission to the next generation
B) acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions
C) is a major subunit of cellulose
D) is a primary structural component of a cell membrane
E) provides energy for a muscle contraction
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G1

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
39) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding enzymes?
A) Enzyme function is not affected by changes in temperature or pH.
B) Enzymes slow the rate of chemical reactions in living systems.
C) Enzymes are consumed in a chemical reaction, so an organism must constantly replace these
enzymes.
D) Each enzyme catalyzes one specific reaction or group of reactions.
E) Enzymes convert products into reactants.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G1
40) Proteins that function as a catalyst
A) slow down the speed at which chemical reactions occur but do not alter the final products
formed.
B) facilitate chemical reactions by altering the final products formed.
C) maintain primary structure.
D) can participate only in reactions that synthesize new products.
E) are referred to as enzymes.
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.8
GLO: G1
41) Which one of the following is needed to synthesize a new strand of DNA?
A) lipids
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) nucleotides
E) ribose
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.9
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.9
GLO: G1

42) DNA differs from RNA in that DNA
A) is single stranded.
B) contains deoxyribose.
C) is made up of nucleotides.
D) contains cytosine.
E) contains phosphates.
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.9
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.9
GLO: G1
43) A research student is analyzing the nucleic acid of a virus. He finds that the nucleic acid
contains thymine. From this it can be concluded that the nucleic acid
A) contains uracil.
B) contains ribose.
C) is actually a protein.
D) contains glucose.
E) is a strand of DNA.
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 2.9
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.9
GLO: G2
44) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding nucleotides?
A) There are three different DNA nucleotides.
B) DNA nucleotides are assembled into RNA by the process of dehydration synthesis.
C) DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose; RNA nucleotides contain sucrose.
D) Nucleotides are bonded together by covalent bonds between the sugars and the phosphates.
E) A DNA nucleotide could be made up of ribose, a phosphate, and cytosine.
Answer: D
Topic: Sec. 2.9
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.9
GLO: G1

45) Which one of the following occurs when a phosphate is removed from an ATP molecule?
A) Energy is added to the ATP molecule to form ADP.
B) Oxygen produced in the reaction causes the molecule to explode.
C) Energy is released for cell work.
D) Chemical reactions stop in a cell due to lack of an energy source.
E) Fat is converted to protein.
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.9
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.9
GLO: G2
46) A student has isolated a large compound (macromolecule) from cells. Chemical analysis of
the compound shows that it is made up of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur. To which group of macromolecules does this compound most likely
belong?
A) carbohydrate
B) protein
C) nucleic acid
D) lipid
E) aqueous
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.6-2.9
GLO: G7
47) A student has isolated a large compound (macromolecule) from cells. Chemical analysis of
the compound shows that it is made up of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus. To which group of macromolecules does this compound most likely
belong?
A) carbohydrate
B) protein
C) nucleic acid
D) lipid
E) aqueous
Answer: C
Topic: Sec. 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.6-2.9
GLO: G7

2.2 True/False Questions
1) Electrons are smaller than protons, are negatively charged, and orbit the nucleus.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
2) All matter is made up of atoms.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
3) If the number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons in the atom, the atom is an
ion.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
4) Atoms with either more or fewer neutrons than the usual number for an element are referred to
as isotopes.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
5) Lipids stored in the body are an example of potential energy.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.2, 2.7
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.2, 2.7
GLO: G1
6) When water is released from a dam, potential energy is converted to chemical energy.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1

The type of bond indicated by the dotted lines in the accompanying figure is a hydrogen bond.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.3
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.3
GLO: G1
8) The difference between water molecules in liquid water and water molecules in ice is in the
number of covalent bonds that form.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.3
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.3
GLO: G1
9) During intense exercise, you produce a lot of heat energy, yet your body temperature rises
only in small increments. This temperature stability is because water in body fluids releases the
heat very quickly.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.3
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.3
GLO: G1
10) One of the most important buffer pairs in blood is carbonic acid and bicarbonate because
they regulate the pH of blood by absorbing and releasing hydrogen ions as needed.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.4
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.4
GLO: G1

11) The more buffers present in a body fluid, the more likely that the blood pH will change after
absorbing nutrients during digestion.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.4
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.4
GLO: G2
12) Because carbon requires four additional electrons to fill its outermost shell, it has a natural
tendency to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, making it an ideal element for forming
structures in living cells.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.5
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.5
GLO: G1

13)

The accompanying figure shows a triglyceride that contains unsaturated fatty acids.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1

14)

The accompanying figure shows a triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.7
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.7
GLO: G1
15) If your blood pH is lowered significantly, many proteins will not be able to fold correctly.
The result will be decreased enzyme function throughout the body.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Sec. 2.8
Bloom’s: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 2.8
GLO: G2, G7

2.3 Matching Questions
Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term. Each term may be used
only once.
A) proton
B) nucleic acids
C) carbohydrates
D) lipids
E) isotopes
F) electrons
G) amino acids
H) atom
I) chemical bonds
J) matter
K) molecules
L) elements
1) a component of an atom that carries a positive charge
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
2) the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
3) anything that has mass and occupies space
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1
4) attractive forces between atoms in molecules
Topic: Sec. 2.2
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.2
GLO: G1
5) different forms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons
Topic: Sec. 2.1
Bloom’s: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 2.1
GLO: G1

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