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Measuring the Macroeconomy
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Who led the team that created the original National Income and Product Accounts in the 1930s?
a. John M. Keynes d. Simon Kuznets
b. Paul A. Samuelson e. Milton Friedman
c. William D. Nordhaus
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I.
MSC: Remembering
2. Which measure of overall economic activity was NOT available in the 1930s?
a. stock prices d. steel production
b. GDP e. gold prices
c. industrial production
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I.
MSC: Understanding
3. The National Income and Product Accounts provides a system for aggregating the production of:
a. all goods and services into a single measure of economic activity.
b. all goods into a single measure of economic activity.
c. all services into a single measure of economic activity.
d. most goods and services into a single measure of economic activity.
e. all goods and services into two measures of economic activity.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I.
MSC: Understanding
4. In 2015, U.S. national output was equal to about:
a. $17.9 billion. d. $13.1 trillion.
b. $17.9 trillion. e. $13.1 million.
c. $13.1 billion.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.
MSC: Remembering
5. In 2015, U.S. national output per person was equal to about:
a. $15.7 billion. d. $12,000.
b. $43,000. e. $80,000.
c. $56,000.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.
MSC: Remembering
6. The National Income and Product Accounts allows us to relate ________ to ________ to
________.
a. household income; government income; firm income
b. total output; total spending; inflation
c. total output; inflation; total income
d. household income; household expenditure; total output
e. total output; total spending; total income
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.
MSC: Applying
7. The National Income and Product Accounts identity states:
a. Expenditure Production Income. d. Expenditure Production Income.
b. Production Expenditure Income. e. Production Expenditure Income.
c. Production Expenditure Income.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.
MSC: Applying
8. The difference between economic profits and normal profits is that:
a. normal profits are earnings based on the normal competitive payments to the factors used
in production; economic profits are the above-normal returns associated with prices that
exceed competitive prices.
b. economic profits are earnings based on the normal competitive payments to the factors
used in production; normal profits are the above-normal returns associated with prices that
exceed competitive prices.
c. normal profits are earnings based on the normal competitive payments to the factors used
in production; economic profits are the above-normal returns associated with prices that
exceed monopolistic prices.
d. economic profits are earnings based on the noncompetitive payments to the factors used in
production; normal profits are the above-normal returns associated with prices that exceed
competitive prices.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.
MSC: Understanding
9. Goods that are produced in a different year than they are sold are called:
a. inventory. d. a loss.
b. output adjustment. e. net national product.
c. capital depreciation.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.
MSC: Remembering
10. The statistic used by economists to measure the value of economic output is:
a. the unemployment rate. d. the GDP deflator.
b. GDP. e. the federal funds rate.
c. the CPI.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.
MSC: Understanding
11. An economy’s ________ is/are equal to its ________.
a. consumption; income
b. expenditure on goods and services; output
c. expenditure on goods; expenditure on services
d. investment; government expenditures
e. taxes; net exports
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.
MSC: Understanding
12. According to the expenditure approach, if Y is GDP, C is consumption, I is investment, G is
government purchases, and NX is net exports, the national income identity can be written as:
a. . d. .
b. . e. .
c. .
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
13. According to the expenditure approach, if Y is GDP, C is consumption, I is investment, G is
government purchases, and NX is net exports, the national income identity can be written as:
a. . d. .
b. . e. .
c. .
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
14. According to the expenditure approach, if Y is GDP, C is consumption, I is investment, G is
government purchases, and NX is net exports, which of the following is the national income
identity?
a. d.
b. e.
c.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
Refer to the following table when answering the following questions.
Table 2.1: U.S. 2010 and 2015 Expenditures ($ billions)
2010 2015
Personal consumption expenditures 10,202 12,284
Goods 3,363 4,012
Services 6,839 8,272
Gross private domestic investment 2,101 3,057
Fixed investment 2,039 2,963
Nonresidential 1,658 2,311
Residential 381 652
Change in private inventories 62
93
Net exports of goods and services –513 –522
Exports 1,852 2,264
Imports 2,365 2,786
Government consumption 3,174 3,218
Federal 1,304 1,225
State and local 1,870 1,993
15. Consider Table 2.1. Total GDP in 2010 was about ________ billion.
a. $16,520 d. $36,698
b. $14,964 e. $15,459
c. $11,790
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
16. Consider Table 2.1. Total GDP in 2015 was about ________ billion.
a. $44,609 d. $18,037
b. $18,830 e. $20,391
c. $14,818
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
17. Consider Table 2.1. The federal government’s share of total GDP in 2010 was about ________
percent, and in 2015 it was ________ percent.
a. 12; 11 d. 9; 7
b. 31; 29 e. 21; 18
c. 33; 34
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
18. Consider Table 2.1. The household’s share of total investment in 2010 was about ________
percent, and in 2015 it was ________ percent.
a. 18; 21 d. 4; 4
b. 97; 98 e. Not enough information is given.
c. 79; 81
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
19. Household consumption as a share of GDP ________ and investment’s share ________ between
2010 and 2015.
a. decreased; increased d. increased; decreased
b. stayed the same; increased e. stayed the same; stayed the same
c. decreased; stayed the same
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
20. Government consumption as a share of GDP ________ and investment’s share ________ between
2010 and 2015.
a. decreased; increased d. increased; decreased
b. stayed the same; increased e. stayed the same; stayed the same
c. decreased; stayed the same
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
21. In 2015, household expenditures accounted for about ________ percent of total GDP.
a. 50 d. 76
b. 68 e. 13
c. 45
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
22. In 2015, investment expenditures accounted for about ________ percent of total GDP.
a. 71 d. 10
b. 3.5 e. 15
c. 17
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
23. In 2015, government expenditures accounted for about ________ percent of total GDP.
a. 5 d. 13
b. 4 e. 18
c. 66
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
24. In 2015, net exports accounted for about ________ percent of total GDP.
a. 3 d. 100
b. 13 e. 14
c. 20
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
25. Net exports are also called:
a. capital outflows. d. foreign aid.
b. the trade balance. e. government transfers.
c. the current account.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
26. Using the expenditure approach, government expenditures include:
a. defense and nondefense federal, state, and local government expenditures.
b. only nondefense federal government expenditures.
c. federal government expenditures and transfer payments.
d. only state and local government expenditures.
e. residential investment and state and local government expenditures.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Understanding
27. In 2015, government transfer payments accounted for about ________ of government spending.
a. one-half d. three-fifths
b. one-third e. 100 percent
c. 68 percent
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
28. Using the expenditure approach, consumption expenditures include household purchases of:
a. durable and nondurable goods and services.
b. durable and nondurable goods.
c. durable and nondurable goods and taxes.
d. durable and nondurable goods and residences.
e. nondurable goods.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Understanding
29. Using the expenditure approach, investment includes:
a. household residential expenditures.
b. firm structures, equipment, and inventories.
c. fixed firm and household structures, equipment, and inventories.
d. government and firm equipment expenditures.
e. government defense and firm equipment expenditures.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Understanding
30. Which of the following is/are NOT included in the expenditure approach to national income
accounting?
a. transfer payments d. changes in stock prices
b. taxes e. None of these answers is correct.
c. Social Security
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
31. Which of the following are included in the expenditure approach to national income accounting?
a. defense expenditures d. household service expenditures
b. firm expenditures on equipment e. All of these answers are correct.
c. residential expenditures
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
32. In 2015, the U.S. GDP was about ________, and ________ was/were the largest share.
a. $5 trillion; net exports
b. $22.5 billion; government expenditures
c. $10.5 trillion; investment
d. $13.6 billion; consumption
e. $17.9 trillion; consumption
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
33. During the 1940s, ________ increased sharply as a percentage of U.S. GDP because of ________.
a. government expenditure; World War II
b. residential investment; the war on poverty
c. nonresidential investment; the space program
d. durable consumption expenditures; rationing of nondurable goods
e. transfer payments; the New Deal
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
34. Which of the following is/are NOT included in the expenditure approach to national income
accounting?
a. software d. All of these answers are correct.
b. taxes e. None of these answers is correct.
c. defense expenditures
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Applying
35. U.S. expenditure shares by households, firms, and the government were relatively ________
except during ________.
a. constant; the 1970s d. constant; the Vietnam War
b. variable; the Great Depression e. variable; the 1990s
c. constant; World War II
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Understanding
36. Since about ________, U.S. expenditure shares by households, firms, and the government have
been relatively ________.
a. 1939; constant
b. the Great Depression era; constant
c. 1950; variable
d. 1950; constant
e. 1945; constant
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Understanding
37. According to the text, the gains in GDP’s consumption share have:
a. caused a rapid decline in inventories.
b. driven investment below 10 percent.
c. no impact on net exports.
d. been at a cost to net exports and government spending.
e. also pushed up the government expenditure share.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Understanding
38. Prior to the late 1970s, the United States ________ about as much as it ________.
a. exported; consumed d. invested; exported
b. exported; imported e. imported; invested
c. imported; consumed
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Understanding
39. According to the income approach to GDP, the largest percentage of GDP comes from:
a. indirect business taxes. d. depreciation of fixed capital.
b. firm profits. e. None of these answers is correct.
c. compensation to employees.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Understanding
Refer to the following table when answering the following questions.
Table 2.2: U.S. 2014–2015 Domestic Income ($ billions)
2014
2015
Compensation of employees, paid 9,264 9,704
Wages and salaries 7,487 7,866
Supplements to wages and salaries 1,777 1,838
Business taxes 1,210 1,238
Business subsidies 57 57
Net operating surplus 4,489 4,575
Private enterprises 4,509 4,593
Surplus of government enterprises –20 –19
Depreciation of fixed capital 2,745 2,831
(Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis)
40. Consider Table 2.2. From this data, total GDP in 2014 was about ________ billion.
a. $13,219 d. $17,651
b. $14,963 e. $17,765
c. $18,527
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Applying
41. Consider Table 2.2. From this data, total GDP in 2015 was about ________ billion.
a. $18,290 d. $18,404
b. $15,516 e. $18,347
c. $19,408
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Applying
42. Consider Table 2.2. From this data, total net domestic product in 2014 was about ________ billion.
a. $14,906 d. $9,207
b. $10,384 e. $14,754
c. $17,651
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Applying
43. Consider Table 2.2. From this data, total net domestic product in 2015 was about ________ billion.
a. $15,366 d. $9,648
b. $10,791 e. $15,460
c. $18,290
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Applying
44. Since about 1970, ________ income share of GDP has been ________.
a. labor’s; rising d. indirect business taxes’; rising
b. labor’s; the same or falling e. the health sector’s; falling
c. profits’; falling
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Remembering
45. In the past 60 years or so, labor’s share of GDP in the United States ________.
a. has been roughly two-thirds.
b. has been exactly 50 percent.
c. has been roughly one-third.
d. has been equal to capital’s income share.
e. has risen sharply.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Remembering
46. When the city of Los Angeles hires more police officers, ________ may rise, but it may be due to
the ________ associated with crime.
a. GDP; costs d. interest rates; costs
b. revenues; costs e. prices; costs
c. taxes; benefits
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
47. When a state builds a new penitentiary, ________ rise(s), but that does not imply that ________
improve(s).
a. income; welfare d. GDP; welfare
b. GDP; taxes e. taxes; costs
c. GDP; transfers
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
48. Which of the following counts toward changes in the current GDP?
a. You find $10 on the sidewalk.
b. You purchase a used stereo from a friend.
c. The government builds a new highway.
d. You fix your own sink.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
49. Which of the following does NOT count toward changes in the current GDP?
a. A student pays for another year of tuition.
b. You buy a used car from your parents.
c. The local police station buys new squad cars.
d. The Pentagon buys gasoline.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
50. By how much does the current GDP rise in the following scenario? A real estate agent sells a
house for $250,000 that the previous owners had purchased 10 years earlier for $90,000. The real
estate agent earns a commission of $10,000.
a. $160,000 d. $90,000
b. $250,000 e. $260,000
c. $10,000
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
51. By how much does GDP change between 2014 and 2015 in the following scenario? In 2014, a rich
woman has a chef and pays him $50,000 to cook for her. In 2015, she marries the chef and he
continues to cook.
a. GDP rises by $50,000. d. GDP rises by $25,000.
b. GDP is unchanged. e. Not enough information is given.
c. GDP falls by $50,000.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing
52. Nominal GDP is the ________ of all goods and services produced in a period of time using
________ prices.
a. value; 1945 d. value; current
b. summation; current e. summation; base-year
c. value; a previous year’s
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Understanding
53. If you own your own home, National Accounts uses ________ to measure the value of your home.
a. the geometric mean of the highest- and lowest-priced houses in your neighborhood
b. the original purchase price
c. an estimated price of your house based on current market conditions
d. “rental equivalents”
e. the value of your home to your insurance carrier
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Remembering
54. Real GDP is the ________ of all goods and services produced in a period of time using ________
prices.
a. summation; current d. value; 1945
b. value; base-year e. summation; base-year
c. value; 1970
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Understanding
55. Which of the following is NOT discussed in Jones and Klenow’s alternative measure of economic
welfare?
a. inequality d. child mortality rates
b. leisure e. consumption share of GDP
c. life expectancy
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.A.
MSC: Remembering
56. Nominal GDP is given by ________, where the price level is the ________.
a. Nominal GDP Price level Real GDP; GDP deflator
b. Nominal GDP Price level Real GDP; GDP deflator
c. Nominal GDP Price level Real GDP; CPI
d. Nominal GDP Price level Real GDP; GDP deflator
e. Nominal GDP Price level Real GDP; CPI
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Remembering
57. Real GDP is given by ________, where the price level is the ________.
a. Real GDP Nominal GDP Price level; CPI
b. Real GDP Nominal GDP Price level; GDP deflator
c. Real GDP Nominal GDP Price level; GDP deflator
d. Real GDP Nominal GDP Price level; GDP deflator
e. Real GDP Nominal GDP Price level; CPI
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Applying
58. The price level can be derived as ________ and is called the ________.
a. Price level Nominal GDP Real GDP; CPI
b. Price level Nominal GDP Real GDP; CPI
c. Price level Real GDP Nominal GDP; GDP deflator
d. Price level Real GDP Nominal GDP; Paasche deflator
e. Price level Nominal GDP Real GDP; GDP deflator
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Applying
59. The percent change in the nominal GDP is given as:
a. percent change in the price level percent change in real GDP.
b. percent change in the price level percent change in real GDP.
c. percent change in the price level percent change in real GDP.
d. percent change in the price level percent change in real GDP.
e. price level percent change in real GDP.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Remembering
60. If the percent change in the price level is ________ than the percent change in ________ GDP,
________.
a. smaller; nominal; real GDP shrinks
b. greater; nominal; real GDP shrinks
c. greater; real; nominal GDP shrinks
d. greater; real; nominal GDP always stays the same
e. Not enough information is given.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Applying
61. Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the value of all goods:
a. and services produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at
base-year prices.
b. produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at current prices.
c. and services produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at current
prices.
d. and services produced by an economy’s citizens, regardless of where they live, over a
period of time, at current prices.
e. and services produced by an economy’s citizens, regardless of where they live, over a
period of time, at base-year prices.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Understanding
62. Real gross domestic product is defined as the value of all goods:
a. and services produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at
base-year prices.
b. and services produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at current
prices.
c. produced by an economy, within its borders, over a period of time, at current prices.
d. and services produced by an economy’s citizens, regardless of where they live, over a
period of time, at current prices.
e. and services produced by an economy’s citizens, regardless of where they live, over a
period of time, at base-year prices.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.
MSC: Understanding
Refer to the following table when answering the following questions. In this economy, only two
goods are produced: video games and pistachios.
Table 2.3: National Income Accounting
2017 2018
Quantity of pistachios 1,000 1,100
Quantity of video games 500 500
Price of pistachios $1.00 $1.50
Price of video games $15.00 $14.75
63. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Laspeyres index, the real GDP in 2017 is:
a. $8,900. d. $15,500.
b. $8,500. e. $9,150.
c. $1,500.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
64. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Laspeyres index, the real GDP in 2018 is:
a. $9,025. d. $9,150.
b. $8,500. e. $8,475.
c. $8,600.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
65. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Paasche index, the real GDP in 2018 is:
a. $9,150. d. $9,025.
b. $8,500. e. $8,475.
c. $8,600.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
66. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Paasche index, the real GDP in 2017 is:
a. $8,475. d. $9,150.
b. $8,500. e. $8,875.
c. $8,600.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
67. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Laspeyres index, inflation between 2017 and 2018 was about:
a. 0 percent. d. 6 percent.
b. 5 percent. e. Not enough information is given.
c. 1 percent.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
68. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Laspeyres index, the percent change in real GDP was about:
a. 6 percent. d. 1 percent.
b. 5 percent. e. Not enough information is given.
c. 0 percent.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
69. Consider Table 2.3. Using the Laspeyres index, the percent change in nominal GDP was about:
a. 5 percent. d. 0 percent.
b. 1 percent. e. Not enough information is given.
c. 6 percent.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Applying
70. If we calculate the real GDP using the ________ index, we use the ________ period’s prices.
a. Laspeyres; final d. chain-weighted; current
b. Paasche; final e. chain-weighted; final
c. Paasche; initial
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Remembering
71. If we calculate the real GDP using the initial period’s prices, we are using a ________ index. If,
instead, we use the final period’s prices, we are using a ________ index.
a. Paasche; chain-weighted d. Paasche; Laspeyres
b. Laspeyres; chain-weighted e. chain-weighted; Fisher
c. Laspeyres; Paasche
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Remembering
72. The chain-weighted measure of real GDP uses prices from a:
a. constant base year.
b. constantly changing base year.
c. base year that changes every five years.
d. base year that changes every 10 years.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.3.
MSC: Remembering
73. Suppose we calculate the percent change in real GDP from year 1 to year 2 using both the
Laspeyres and the Paasche indices. With the Laspeyres index we get 12 percent and with the
Paasche index we get 9 percent. The chain-weighted growth of real GDP is ________ percent.
a. 1.5 d. 9.5
b. 9.75 e. 10.5
c. 1.33
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.3.
MSC: Applying
74. Nominal GDP means that the value of all goods and services is measured in ________ prices.
a. average d. current
b. last year’s e. constant
c. the base year’s
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Remembering
75. If NGDP is nominal GDP and RGDP is real GDP, which of the following can be used to calculate
inflation?
a. percent change in NGDP percent change in RGDP
b. percent change in NGDP percent change in RGDP
c. percent change in NGDP percent change in RGDP
d. percent change in RGDP percent change in NGDP
e. percent change in RGDP percent change in NGDP
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
76. If NGDP is nominal GDP and P is the price level, which of the following can be used to calculate
the growth of the real GDP?
a. percent change in NGDP percent change in P
b. percent change in NGDP percent change in P
c. percent change in NGDP percent change in P
d. percent change in P percent change in NGDP
e. percent change in P percent change in NGDP
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
77. If the nominal GDP rises by 3 percent and the price level rises by 5 percent, then the real GDP
________ by ________ percent.
a. rises; 8 d. falls; 2
b. falls; 8 e. None of these answers is correct.
c. rises; 2
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
78. If the nominal GDP rises by 6 percent and the price level rises by 3 percent, then the real GDP
________ by ________ percent.
a. falls; 3 d. falls; 9
b. rises; 9 e. None of these answers is correct.
c. rises; 3
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
79. If the nominal GDP rises by 6 percent and the real GDP rises by 3 percent, then the price level
________ by ________ percent.
a. rises; 3 d. falls; 9
b. rises; 9 e. There is no change in inflation.
c. falls; 3
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
80. FRED stands for:
a. Food and Resource Economics Department.
b. Financial Reporting Exposure Draft.
c. Federal Reserve Economic Database.
d. Florida Research & Economic Database.
e. Faculty Research Expertise Database.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.3.
MSC: Remembering
81. To get a more accurate view of the size of countries’ economies, we first need to convert each
country’s GDP to the dollar using ________ and then adjust for ________.
a. the interest rate; the exchange rate
b. the exchange rate; price level differences
c. price level differences; the interest rate
d. the exchange rate; fiscal policy
e. fiscal policy; the exchange rate
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Analyzing
82. If we want to calculate the Mexican real GDP in U.S. dollars but adjusted for prices, which of the
following would we use?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
83. If we want to calculate the U.S. real GDP in Mexican pesos, which of the following would we use?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
84. Define E $/£ as the dollar/pound exchange rate and NGDPUK as the United Kingdom’s nominal
GDP; then , the United Kingdom’s nominal GDP in dollars, is given by:
a.
.
d.
.
b.
.
e. None of these answers is correct.
c.
.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
Refer to the following table when answering the following questions.
Table 2.4: U.S. and Eurozone (18 Economies) Nominal GDP in 2015
2015
Eurozone nominal GDP (€ billions) €10,455
U.S. nominal GDP ($ billions) $18,036
Dollar/euro exchange rate $1.10/€1
PEZ/PUS 0.85
85. Consider Table 2.4. The value of eurozone nominal GDP in U.S. dollars is ________ billion.
a. $13,531 d. $16,396
b. $9,505 e. $21,219
c. $11,501
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
86. Consider Table 2.4. The value of the eurozone nominal GDP in U.S. dollars adjusted for price
differences is ________ billion.
a. $9,775 d. $8,079
b. $13,530 e. $16,863
c. $11,182
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
87. Consider Table 2.4. When we convert the eurozone’s nominal GDP into dollars and adjust for
price differences, the U.S. economy is about ________ times the size of the eurozone economy.
a. 1.6 d. 1.4
b. 0.6 e. 0.8
c. 1.9
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Analyzing
88. Consider Table 2.4. When we convert the eurozone’s nominal GDP into dollars but do not adjust
for price differences, the U.S. economy is about ________ the eurozone economy.
a. 1.9 times the size of d. 1.6 times the size of
b. the same size as e. 1.7 times the size of
c. 0.8 times the size of
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying
TRUE/FALSE
1. The largest GDP expenditure share historically has been government expenditure.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: I.
MSC: Understanding NOT: It is consumption expenditure.
2. In 2012, consumption expenditures accounted for over 70 percent of the total GDP.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: I.
MSC: Remembering
3. The value added for a good produced is equal to the value of the firm’s output plus the value of the
intermediate goods used to produce that output.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.
MSC: Understanding
NOT: It is equal to the value of the firm’s output minus the value of the intermediate goods used
to produce that output.
4. According to the expenditure approach to GDP, household expenditures include purchases of
residential housing.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
NOT: Residential housing is included in investment expenditures.
5. The largest share of household consumption expenditures is durable goods.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering NOT: It is services.
6. According to the expenditure approach to GDP, investment expenditures include purchases of
residential housing.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.
MSC: Remembering
7. According to the income approach to GDP, the largest portion of GDP is compensation to
employees.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Remembering
8. According to the income approach to GDP, the largest portion of GDP is net operating surplus.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Remembering NOT: It is compensation to employees.
9. In the income approach to GDP, fixed capital depreciation is defined as the after-tax profits of a
firm.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.C.
MSC: Remembering
NOT: It is the decline in the value of capital due to wear and tear.
10. GDP measures the value of all economic activity.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.D.
MSC: Understanding NOT: It measures only market activity.
11. When you cook yourself dinner, you are contributing to economic activity, but it is not measured
in GDP.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.D.
MSC: Analyzing
12. When you buy a car from your brother, which he bought new in 2000, the purchase adds to current
GDP.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E.
MSC: Analyzing NOT: It added to 2000’s GDP.
13. GDP often is used as a “measure” of economic welfare; it includes all factors that contribute to
economic well-being.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: III.A.
MSC: Analyzing
NOT: It does not include costs like pollution, crime, depletion of resources, and environmental
degradation.
14. If the percent change in prices is greater than the percent change in the nominal GDP, the real GDP
shrinks.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
15. If the percent change in prices is greater than the percent change in the nominal GDP, the real GDP
rises.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: III.C.2.
MSC: Applying
16. When calculating the real GDP using the Laspeyres index, we use the final period’s prices.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Remembering NOT: We use the initial period’s prices.
17. When calculating the real GDP using the Paasche index, we use the final period’s prices.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.1.
MSC: Remembering
18. If the nominal GDP rises by 5 percent and the price level falls by 2 percent, the real GDP falls by 7
percent.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: III.C.3.
MSC: Applying NOT: The real GDP rises by 7 percent.
19. If Croatia’s price level is higher than the U.S. price level, Croatia’s dollar-denominated GDP,
calculated using price adjustments, will appear smaller than if simply calculated with the exchange
rate.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Analyzing
20. To get an accurate view of how GDPs differ across countries, we simply need to convert all
countries’ GDPs into dollars using the prevailing exchange rate.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 TOP: IV.
MSC: Understanding
NOT: We also need to account for price level differences.
21. If the percent change in real GDP is found to be 4 percent using the Laspeyres index and 3 percent
using the Paasche index, the chain-weighted price index will give us a growth rate of 3.5 percent.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 TOP: IV.
MSC: Applying NOT: 3.5 = (1/2)(4% + 3%).
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is real GDP? Why do we calculate real GDP? What are the shortcomings of real GDP?
ANS:
Real GDP is the value of all goods and services produced within an economy’s borders over a
period of time, at constant prices. It is calculated to measure overall economic activity and
aggregate income. This is used as a measure of welfare, as higher income connotes higher
consumption, health, leisure, and so on. However, there are shortcomings. First, it misses
unreported output (i.e., “under the table” output of goods and services), output that is done in
day-to-day life (e.g., making yourself a sandwich), and it assumes that more output leads to more
welfare. However, “defensive” output (e.g., walls built to buffer noise pollution) increases GDP
but may not improve welfare. Also it does not account for other costs of production (e.g.,
pollution, crime, resource depletion, etc.).
DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II. MSC: Analyzing
2. Using the expenditure approach to national income accounting, when discussing government
expenditures, do we include transfer payments? Why or why not?
ANS:
No. The expenditure approach concentrates on purchases of goods and services only. Transfer
payments are income transfers and are not directly used to buy things. Therefore, they do not
directly stimulate the creation of new value in the economy in the way that purchases of goods and
services do. They are a form of negative tax and would therefore be a form of income for
recipients of the transfer, enhancing disposable income: disposable income income (taxes –
transfers).
DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B. MSC: Analyzing
3. What are the components that make up the income approach to calculating GDP? What are the
components that make up the expenditure approach to calculating GDP?
ANS:
(a) Income approach: compensation to employees; indirect business taxes; net operating surplus
of business (profits); and depreciation of fixed capital
(b) Expenditure approach: household consumption; fixed private investment; net exports; and
government expenditures
DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B. | II.C. MSC: Remembering
4. Identify which of the following goods are part of the current year’s U.S. GDP and which are
considered the current year’s U.S. gross national product (GNP); explain. (Note: Ford is a
company owned by U.S. citizens and Toyota is a company owned by Japanese citizens.)
(a) a Ford produced in Mexico
(b) a Toyota produced in California
(c) a meal you make for a dinner party
(d) an American-made vintage T-shirt from Led Zeppelin’s 1971 North American tour you
bought online last week
ANS:
(a) It is part of U.S. GNP but not GDP as it is not produced within U.S. borders; it is part of
Mexico’s GDP.
(b) It is part of U.S. GDP but not GNP as it is not produced by a U.S. firm; it is part of Japan’s
GNP.
(c) Neither; it is “under the table” production and is not included in the national accounts.
(d) Neither, as it is not current production. The T-shirt is not counted in current GDP; it was,
however, part of 1971’s GDP.
DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 TOP: II.E. MSC: Analyzing
5. Consider the data in the following table, which represents the total production of the country
Byzantium. It produces only consumer goods.
2017 2018 2019
Quantity of Y 100 105 103
Quantity of X 5 3 4
Price of Y $5 $5 $5
Price of X $100 $105 $110
(a) Calculate real GDP for all three years, using 2017 as the base year.
(b) Calculate the consumer price index (CPI), using 2017 as the base year. Identify whether there
was inflation from the previous year.
ANS:
Real GDP is a form of the Paasche index, so for each year we use the current year’s prices and that
year’s quantities:
*2017: RGDP 100 $5 5 $100 $1,000
*2018: RGDP 105 $5 3 $100 $825
*2109: RGDP 103 $5 4 $100 $915
The equation for the CPI is:
100,
where the C/B superscript denotes the current/base year.
To make it easier, the denominator is equal to $1,000.
*2017: Since the base and current year are the same: CPI2017 100;
*2018: 825/1000 100 82.5; prices fell 17.5 percent from 2017 to 2018; and
*2019: 915/1000 100 91.5; prices are 8.5 percent lower in 2019 than in 2017 but are about 11
percent higher than in 2018.
DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 TOP: III. MSC: Analyzing
6. You are a staff economist for your local bank and the bank manager claims that in 2014 the
Chinese economy was bigger than that of the United States. To prove him wrong you decide to
put your economics training to work for you and decide to show him China’s GDP in U.S. dollars;
to show him how smart you are, you also decide to calculate the real GDP of China in U.S. dollars
and prices and compare that to the United States as well. You have the following data: in 2014,
China’s nominal GDP was CY 63.6 trillion (CY Chinese yuan); the yuan-dollar exchange rate
was CY 6.14/$1; nominal GDP in the United States was $17.3 trillion; the price level in the United
States was 1.0 and the price level in China was 0.6. How big is China’s economy?
ANS:
The first part of the question is straightforward. Just convert Chinese nominal GDP to dollars by
dividing it by the yuan-dollar exchange rate (conversely, this is the same as multiplying it by the
dollar-yuan exchange rate): $NGDPCH 63.6/6.14 $10.4. Thus, the Chinese economy is about 60
percent the size of the U.S. economy. But to get a more accurate view we need to look at GDP
adjusted for price differences, PPP adjusted Chinese GDP. So we use the equation:
PPPGDPCH PU.S./PCH $NGDPCH (1/0.6) $10.4 tril $17.3 tril.
Thus, once we take price differences into consideration, the Chinese economy is about the same
size as the U.S. economy.
DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV. MSC: Analyzing
7. You are a staff economist for your local bank and the bank manager asks you to calculate whether
United Arab Emirates (UAE), Luxembourg (LUX), Canada (CAN), or the United States (USA) is
biggest in per capita terms when adjusted for price differences. She gives you the following data
table and asks you to fill in the missing values.
Population (column A) and GDP (D) are in millions. GDP in column D is in local currency units
(LCU): the euro for Luxembourg, the dirham for the UAE, the Canadian dollar, and the U.S.
dollar. The exchange rate (B) is units of foreign currency per U.S. dollar, and Pi
/PUS is the price
level for other countries relative to the United States.
Fill in the missing values.
Table 2.5: GDP, Population, and Exchange Rate Data in 2014
Pop
Exchange
Rate Pi
/PUS
GDP
(millions
LCU)
LCU Per
Capita
GDP
Per Capita
GDP
($US)
PPP Per
Capita
GDP
($US)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
UAE 9.09 3.67 2.4
1,466,985
LUX 0.56 0.75 0.9
48,898
CAN 35.6 1.11 1.2
1,973,043
USA 319.4 1.00 1.00 17,348,072
(Source: World Bank and Penn World Tables 9.0)
ANS:
The calculation will be done using columns rather than numbers.
First you need to calculate per capita GDP in national currency, which is simply D/A;
To get per capita GDP in dollars: E/B;
To get PPP PC GDP: F/C;
This gives you the following table.
You can conclude total GDP in the United States is the largest and per capita GDP is larger in
Luxembourg, but once you adjust for prices, all the countries have higher per capita GDP than
the United States.
Table 2.5: GDP, Population, and Exchange Rate Data in 2014
Pop
Exchange
Rate Pi
/PUS
GDP
(millions
LCU)
LCU Per
Capita
GDP
Per Capita
GDP
($US)
PPP Per
Capita
GDP
($US)
A B C D E F G
UAE 9.1 3.67 2.4 1,466,985 161,453 43,963 18,318
LUX 0.6 0.75 0.9
48,898 87,855 116,560 129,511
CAN 35.6 1.11 1.2 1,973,043 55,442 50,123 41,769
USA 319.4 1.00 1.0 17,348,072 54,306 54,306 54,306
DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV. MSC: Applying
8. In your political science course you are studying the European Union (EU). During lectures your
professor mentions that Germany has the largest per capita GDP in the EU. There’s something you
don’t like, as you suspect price may play a role in determining actual per capita GDP. You collect
the following data for the EU economies of Austria (AUS), Germany (DEU), Spain (ESP), France
(FRA), and the United Kingdom (UK) from the World Bank and the Penn World Tables and do
some calculations to get the answers for columns E–G in Table 2.6 below. What do you tell your
professor?
Population (column A) and GDP (D) are in millions. GDP in column D is in local currency units,
the pound is for the UK, and the euro is for the remaining countries. The exchange rate (B) is units
of foreign currency per U.S. dollar, and Pi /PUS is the price level for other countries relative to the
United States.
Table 2.6: Data for Five European Union Countries, 2014
Country Pop
Exchange
Rate Pi
/PUS
GDP
(mil. LCU)
GDP
(mil.
$US)
PPP GDP
($US)
PPP Per
Capita
GDP
($US)
A B C D E F G
AUS 8.5 0.75 0.8
329,296
DEU 80.6 0.75 0.8 2,915,650
ESP 46.3 0.75 0.7 1,041,160
FRA 66.1 0.75 0.8 2,132,449
UK 64.3 0.61 0.7 1,817,234
(Source: World Bank and Penn World Tables 9.0)
ANS:
The calculation will be done using columns rather than numbers.
Column E: $USGDP D/E;
Column F: $USPPPGDP E C;
To get PC $USPPPGDP: F/A; and
The country with the largest per capita PPP adjusted GDP in U.S. dollars is Austria, but
Germany is the largest overall economy in terms of PPP unadjusted and adjusted aggregate
output.
Table 2.6: Data for Five European Union Countries, 2014
Country Pop
Exchange
Rate Pi
/PUS
GDP
(mil. LCU)
GDP
(mil.
$US)
PPP GDP
($US)
PPP Per
Capita
GDP
($US)
A B C D E F G
AUS 8.5 0.75 0.8 329,296
439,061 351,249 41,323
DEU 80.6 0.75 0.8 2,915,650 3,887,533 3,110,027 38,586
ESP 46.3 0.75 0.7 1,041,160 1,388,213 971,749 20,988
FRA 66.1 0.75 0.8 2,132,449 2,843,265 2,274,612 34,412
UK 64.3 0.61 0.7 1,817,234 2,979,072 2,085,350 32,432
DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV. MSC: Analyzing
9. There has been a lot of discussion about the European economies that use the euro as their
currency. You discuss this with your aunt and uncle in Denmark. They hear that the eurozone (EZ)
economies are shrinking, but when they look at the data, presented below, they actually see that EZ
nominal GDP (NGDP) is growing. They know you are taking economics and ask you how these
both can be true. You decide to collect some additional data to answer the question: you collect the
exchange rate, the relative prices in the EZ and the United States, and the CPI for the EZ
economies, and you fill in the rest of the table, which is PPP GDP in U.S. dollars, PPP GDP in
euros (€), and real GDP in U.S. dollars. Is there a contradiction between what your Danish family
heard and the data? How can you explain what appears to be the contradiction?
Table 2.7: U.S. and Eurozone (18 Economies) Nominal GDP in 2014
Year
Eurozone
NGDP
(billions)
$US/Euro
Exchange
Rate PEZ/PUS CPI
GDP
PPP
(€s)
NGDP
($US)
GDP
PPP
($US)
2010 9,535 1.33 0.79 0.933
2011 9,794 1.39 0.78 0.958
2012 9,835 1.29 0.78 0.982
2013 9,936 1.33 0.76 0.995
2014 10,113 1.33 0.76 1.000
2015 10,403 1.11 0.77 1.000
(Source: FRED II, Eurostat)
ANS:
Looking at the data in the first column, indeed the 18 EZ economies are growing. But once you do
some calculations adjusting for prices, different currencies, and both, a different picture arises.
First, we can see that PPP GDP in euros has stayed more or less constant at about €7.6 trillion.
This is because, although the EZ economies have been growing, it has been slow, about 1.5
percent. Secondly, we see that, relative to the dollar, the euro buys fewer goods and services.
Similarly, for real GDP, inflation was relatively high from 2010–2013, and then calmed down,
eroding income. With respect to nominal GDP in U.S. dollars, we see that in 2015 it fell and is
roughly €1 trillion less than it was in 2010; this is largely due to the sharp decline in the value of
the euro relative to the U.S. dollar in 2015. All these combine to reduce PPP adjusted GDP over
the period.
Table 2.7: U.S. and Eurozone (18 Economies) Nominal GDP in 2014
Year
Eurozone
NGDP
(billions)
$US/Euro
Exchange
Rate PEZ/PUS CPI
GDP
PPP
(€s)
RGDP
(€s)
NGDP
($US)
GDP
PPP
$US
2010 9,535 1.33 0.79 0.933 7,536 10,222 12,658 10,004
2011 9,794 1.39 0.78 0.958 7,641 10,222 13,634 10,636
2012 9,835 1.29 0.78 0.982 7,625 10,013 12,651 9,809
2013 9,936 1.33 0.76 0.995 7,549 9,982 13,201 10,029
2014 10,113 1.33 0.76 1.000 7,683 10,116 13,439 10,210
2015 10,403 1.11 0.77 1.000 7,981 10,403 11,547 8,858
DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 TOP: IV. MSC: Analyzing
