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Chapter 2Â Â Perception, Personality, and Emotions
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2.1Â Â Multiple-Choice Questions
1) A process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment is called A) interpretation.
- environmental analysis.
- environmental impact.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
2) Stan left Kerry a voicemail message indicating that he wanted to see her right away. He wanted to commend her for her good work on a recent project, but because he said he wanted to see her right away, she thought that she was in trouble. Kerry’s interpretation of his message is known as her A) personality.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
3) If two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently, the factors that shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in A) the target being perceived.
- the timing.
- the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
- the perceiver.
- environmental influences.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
4) Tom was aware that Jonas did not always interpret his messages in the way that they were intended. In this perception situation, Jonas is the A) target.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
5) Which of the following is TRUE about our perceptions of a target? A) Individual perception varies little between different cultures.
- Expectations do not distort individual perception.
- Motion, sounds, and size of a target have little affect in how individuals perceive it.
- Targets are usually perceived in isolation.
- Timing of events and the situation in which a target is encountered may impact our perception. Answer: E
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
6) The theory that tries to explain how we judge people differently, depending upon the meaning we assign to a given behaviour, is A) behavioural theory.
- judgmental theory.
- equity theory.
- attribution theory.
- situational theory.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
7) In attribution theory, internally caused behaviours are
- those believed to be under the personal control of the individual.
- derived from personality traits.
- controlled by external factors.
- usually negative behaviours.
- outside forces and influences.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory Objective:Â 2
8) What are the three rules about behaviour that attribution theory relies on?
- distinctiveness, resemblance, and consistency
- resemblance, consensus and consistency
- deviation, distinctiveness, and consistency
- consistency, consensus and distinctiveness
- context, consensus and distinctiveness
Answer:Â D
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39,40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
9) When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. This is generally referred to as A) fundamental attribution error.
- self-serving bias.
- attribution theory.
- selective behaviour theory.
- perception theory.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
10) When an individual displays different behaviours in different situations, this is termed A) continuity.
- E) consensus.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
11) Behaviour that is observed as being different from the behaviour previously demonstrated, refers to
Answer:Â B
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
12) If a person appears to respond the same way over time, attribution theory states that the behaviour shows A) distinctiveness.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
SCENARIO 2-1 You have hired a 55-year-old employee who has successfully worked in large firms. Your company is a small, closely-knit organization with many young employees; most do not have as much work experience as this newcomer. You have prided yourself on being flexible with your employees and being open to their needs. They requested an informal dress code for Fridays and you adopted this policy four months ago.
13) You should expect that your new employee A) will be excited by the new dress code.
- will perceive the dress code in the same way as the other employees.
- may have a different perception of the dress code because of differences in the target.
- may have a different perception of the dress code because of differing past experiences.
- will ignore the new dress code. Answer: D
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
14) You may discover your younger employees believe the older employee to be rigid and intolerant of various behaviours and values. This is due to their A) expectations.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Perception Objective:Â 1
15) The factor in the situation that may cause your younger employees perceptions to be different is
- social setting.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Perception
Objective:Â 1
16) According to attribution theory, the more consistent the behaviour of another person is, the more the observer is inclined to A) depend on the behaviour.
- attribute it to internal causes.
- attribute it to consensus.
- attribute it to external causes.
- attribute it to the environment.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
17) Suppose a sales manager is unhappy with the performance of her sales people and attributes this to laziness on their part. Closer scrutiny of the real situation, however, shows that the sales manager has made a “fundamental attribution error.” This means that she has A) only attended to superficial indicators.
- inadequately explored the job satisfaction of the sales people.
- merely stereotyped employees.
- underestimated the effects of external factors relative to internal factors.
- ignored her responsibility in the entire process of not holding workers accountable. Answer: D
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
18) How does selective perception work as a shortcut in judging other people? A) Bits and pieces of what we observe are chosen randomly.
- Bits and pieces of what we observe are selectively chosen according to our interests and background.
- Such observations allow us to arrive at warranted judgments quickly.
- It allows us to “speed-read” without the risk of inaccurate conclusions.
- Bits and pieces of what we observe allow us to judge people with complete accuracy.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
19) Which of the following is considered to be outside the shortcuts we utilize in judging others? A) stereotyping
- halo effect
- projection
- self-serving bias
- contrast effects
Answer:Â D
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
20) There are many examples of shortcuts we make in judging others. Which shortcut below is least likely to be an error in perception about a new employee named Jo?
- using “high intelligence” of Jo to make a general impression about Jo’s effectiveness on the job
- using my ability to respond to individual differences between Jo and myself
- letting my own attitudes and interests influence my impression of Jo
- deciding that Jo wants challenge and change since that’s what I want
- knowing how good Jo will be because Jo has the same degree I have
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 38-43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
SCENARIO 2-2 Work on your team is difficult because of the other two individuals. The work has been divided among the three of you, but each time your team meets Janet and Jim disagree about the progress that the team has made on the project. Janet is convinced that Jim’s lack of progress is because he is inherently lazy and not because some information is still not available to him because Janet has not completed some of her work according to the schedule she agreed to. The truth seems to be that Janet is not doing her part of the work.
21) You might attempt to understand Janet and Jim by using ________ theory.
- social relevance
- attribution
- optimizing
- satisficing E) perception
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
22) Janet seems to be guilty of A) proximity bias.
- fundamental attribution error.
- self-serving bias.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
23) Janet may be attributing to Jim some of her own characteristics. She might exhibiting A) projection.
- the halo effect.
- contrast effect.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
24) You have decided after consultation with your manager that the problem between Janet and Jim must be solved; somehow Janet must be made aware of the impact of her work not being completed within the required timeline. In order to resolve the situation and maintain as much
objectivity as possible, you want to create a response that avoids A) selective perception and stereotyping.
- a problem solving approach.
- communication with both Janet and Jim.
- assigning responsibility for future behaviour.
- acting in a leadership capacity.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41-45
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
25) The perception shortcut that involves evaluation of a person based on how they compare to other individuals recently encountered.
- selective perception
- contrast effects
- halo effect
- prejudice
- projection
Answer:Â B
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
26) The unfounded belief that younger workers are more appealing than older workers is an example of
- the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 45
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
27) When a person stereotypes another person, the individual is making generalizations based upon
- a predefined group to which the other person belongs.
- a key strength of the other person.
- a key weakness of the other person.
- the values of the other person.
- the speaking style of the other person.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 44
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
28) ________ generally starts with stereotypes and then has negative emotional content added. A) Contrast effects
- The halo effect
- Prejudice
- Projection
- Attribution error
Answer:Â C
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 45
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
29) Because Northern Beverages wants to expand and grow, the HR Manager knows she needs to hire an individual who is skilled in business strategy. She believes that university graduates who participated extensively in athletics are ambitious and hard working, compared to university students who did not. When she interviews university grads that were athletes, she is likely to engage in
- contrast effect.
- risk management.
- halo effect.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 44
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
SCENARIO 2-3 Students in your class are making oral presentations as the final part of a project they have been working on for the past few months. You know from courses you have taken and from discussions with peers that there are perception shortcuts used when judging others. You are now wondering if your instructor will use any of these.
30) Jennifer has previously made two excellent presentations. The one she completed today is not as good as her first two, yet she still receives the same high grade. Which statement best explains the perception error the instructor may have made when evaluating Jennifer? A) The contrast effect is distorting the instructor’s perception.
- The halo effect is operating.
- The instructor has stereotyped Jennifer.
- The instructor is projecting that Jennifer is an “A” student.
- The instructor is engaged in selective perception.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
31) Allison has just completed a very good presentation. You are afraid that the ________ will operate and you will be perceived less favorably than if you had presented before her. A) stereotyping effect
- halo effect
- contrast effect
- projection effect
- selective perception
Answer:Â C
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
32) You have heard that the instructor believes men perform better in oral presentations than women. If this is TRUE, the instructor’s perception shortcut is A) halo effect.
- contrast effect.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 44
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory Objective:Â 2
33) Sally is normally a very calm and composed manager, but the other day she raised her voice on the telephone. When staff heard her angry tone they tried to figure out why she was upset. This is an example of A) the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
- attribution theory.
Answer:Â E
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 39
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
34) When a fire truck’s siren was heard, everyone ran to the window to see what was happening. That everyone responded in the same way is an example of which aspect of Attribution Theory? A) consistency
- consensus
- distinctiveness
- selective perception
- contrast effects
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
35) John usually responds positively when asked to do something, but recently his boss has noticed that he was does not seem as enthusiastic and positive when requests are made of him. Which aspect of Attribution Theory does this observation relate to?
- consensus
- distinctiveness
- consistency
- selective perception
- contrast effects
Answer:Â C
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 40
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
36) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others is known as A) distinctiveness.
- fundamental attribution error.
- selective perception.
- self-serving bias.
- halo effect.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
37) Terry is a good communicator, and those who know this assume she is very competent at her job. This is an example of A) selective perception.
- the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
38) When Carrie drove up in her new car, Ken told her that she had made a mistake. Even though the car was very sporty, easy on gas, and had lots of trunk space, he ignored these attributes and told her it would need to be repaired frequently. He said this because he had previously owned the same car, and that was his experience. This is an example of A) the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
39) Sidney generally had a negative view of company competitors, and felt that everyone he worked with had a similar view. This is an example of A) the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
40) The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors is called A) the halo effect.
- self-serving bias.
- contrast effects.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 41
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
41) When Jose passed the new employee’s office, he was reminded of Tina, the manager of the sales department; Jose noticed that both seemed to have messy desks with lots of papers piled on them. This is an example of A) the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
- selective perception.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 43
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
42) Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs is known as
- the halo effect.
- selective perception.
- contrast effects.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 44
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
43) Self-fulfilling prophecy is a concept that proposes a person will behave A) in ways inconsistent with how he or she is perceived by others.
- in ways that are similar to self-interest.
- in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.
- in ways that are dissimilar to self-interest.
- in ways consistent with how he or she perceives him-/herself.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 46
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Attribution Theory Objective:Â 2
44) Gillian was very upset that others perceived her as lazy. This bothered her so much that she began to neglect her work responsibilities and began to spend most of her time surfing the Internet. This is an example of A) the halo effect.
- contrast effects.
- selective perception.
- self-fulfilling prophecy.
Answer:Â E
Diff: 3Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 46
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Attribution Theory
Objective:Â 2
45) A trait, which is NOT inherited, is A) muscle composition and reflexes.
- energy level.
- cultural norms.
- psychological makeup.
Answer:Â C
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 47
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Personality
Objective:Â 3
46) An environmental factor that might influence personality is A) parents’ height.
- school experience.
- muscle coordination.
- sense of smell.
Answer:Â B
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 47
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Personality
Objective:Â 3
47) If co-workers know that you are relaxed at home but become tense and anxious at work, they are attributing your behaviour to which of the following?
- heredity
- environmental factors
- situational conditions
- locus of control
- projection
Answer:Â C
Diff: 2Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 47
Skill:Â Applied
Topic:Â Personality Objective:Â 3
48) What are personality traits?
- enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.
- fleeting characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.
- individual characteristics that are based solely on heredity.
- individual characteristics that are based solely on situational conditions.
- individual characteristics that are based solely on environmental factors.
Answer:Â A
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 48
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â Personality
Objective:Â 3
49) A term that best describes an extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging person is A) quiet.
Answer:Â D
Diff: 1Â Â Â Type: MCÂ Â Â Page Ref: 49
Skill:Â Recall
Topic:Â MBTI
Objective:Â 4
