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c2
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is not a stage of social perception?
A. cognition
B. selective attention/comprehension
C. encoding and simplification
D. storage and retention
E. retrieval and response
2. In the social perception model, what is the third stage of social perception?
A. storage and retention
B. retrieval and response
C. encoding and simplification
D. comprehension
E. decisions
3. Which of the following statements most accurately defines “social cognition?”
A. the study of people and objects
B. the process of interpreting one’s environment
C. the study of how people perceive each other
D. a four-stage sequence
E. being consciously aware of someone
4. “I am very hungry.” Which salient stimuli would the speaker most likely pay attention to?
A. a gas station sign
B. a fast food restaurant
C. a bank
D. a person walking their dog
E. a shopping mall
5. A student arrived 30 minutes late for an exam. The professor gave the student the full time for the exam even
though the student admitted she was late as she stopped for a coffee. This is an example of:
A. halo effect
B. leniency effect
C. central tendency effect
D. recency effect
E. contrast effect
6. The students compared their current professors when completing the evaluation of teaching surveys. This is
an example of:
A. halo effect
B. leniency effect
C. central tendency effect
D. recency effect
E. contrast effect
7. The CEO allowed each executive team member to defend his or her department budgetary allocation that
would result in a financial loss. This is an example of which negatively perceived leadership behaviour?
A. getting the team to work as individuals
B. letting group members make decisions
C. maintaining performance standards
D. assigning specific tasks
8. Common forms of stereotypes include:
A. sex-role
B. age
C. racial
D. ethnic
E. all answers indicate a common form of stereotype
9. Helen is working by herself at a shoe store as her two colleagues are at home sick. Her supervisor comments
on the messy displays and poor customer service, ignoring that the store is short staffed. This is an example of:
A. stereotypes
B. perception
C. bullying
D. workplace aggression
E. fundamental attribution bias
10. According to experts, implicit cognition can be reduced by:
A. training managers on interview techniques
B. using structured as opposed to unstructured interviews
C. training managers on interview techniques and using a structured interview process
D. allowing managers to use unstructured interviews
E. considering first impressions of the applicant
11. Managers who conduct performance appraisals need to
A. accurately identify the behaviour and results indicative of good performance
B. be subjective
C. rely on their memory to recall employee behaviour
D. use quantitative measures only
E. provide feedback to the employee on a yearly basis
12. Attribution models can be used by managers to
A. manage biases
B. manage underlying behaviour
C. explain how to handle poorly performing employees
D. explain the causes of one’s successes and externalize the causes of one’s failures
E. explain the transfer of employees whose poor performance was attributed to lack of ability
13. A key managerial challenge is
A. reduce sex-role stereotypes
B. to treat employees fairly
C. use knowledge of perceptual process to help them interact more effectively with employees
D. to reduce the extent to which stereotypes influence decision making and interpersonal processes throughout
the organization
E. to use mixed-group contact to reduce stereotyping
14. Jane considers her job success to be due to her hard work, her in-depth knowledge, and her understanding of
the job. At times of job failures, Jane believes she was not supported by her peers and did not receive all the
information required for success. This is an example of
A. fundamental attribution bias
B. self-serving bias
C. distinctiveness
D. consistency
E. consensus
15. Individuals interpret events differently. The reasons for the different interpretations may be due to
A. people possess different information
B. our moods and emotions
C. recent experiences
D. individual differences
E. all answers are correct
16. What does central tendency effect refer to?
A. the tendency to judge people harshly
B. the tendency to avoid all extreme judgments
C. the tendency to not judge people
D. the tendency to rely on first impressions
E. the tendency to form an overall impression
17. What is fundamental attribution bias?
A. The tendency to emphasize personal characteristics
B. The tendency to emphasize situational characteristics
C. The tendency to ignore failures
D. The tendency to take personal responsibility for successes
E. The tendency to consider events immediately before any observed behaviours
18. Perception is the process of interpreting one’s environment.
True False
19. Perception involves a 3-stage sequence of information processing.
True False
20. Implicit cognition represents an automatic response from memory and is a conscious decision.
True False
21. Employees’ evaluation of their supervisor’s leadership is based on their individual schemata of good or poor
leaders.
True False
22. The employees of the organization considered Kevin a good leader. Therefore, Kevin had a greater effect
when trying to influence the employees.
True False
23. The belief that accountants are good at mathematics is a stereotype.
True False
24. Fundamental attribution bias is an individual’s tendency to attribute behaviours to situational factors.
True False
25. Stage two of the four-stage perception sequence is encoding and simplification.
True False
26. Stage three of the four-stage perception sequence involves the storage of information in short-term
memory.
True False
27. Explain how the six managerial activities are affected by perception. Include in your answer what the six
activities are, and how managers can reduce the effect of perception on each activity.
28. Why is it important for all employees, both staff and managers, to have an understanding of perceptual
errors?
29. People formulate causal attributions. Part 1 – Explain how people formulate attributions. Part 2 – Explain the
three dimensions of behavior that influence attributions.
c2 Key
1. (p. 24) Which of the following is not a stage of social perception?
A. cognition
B. selective attention/comprehension
C. encoding and simplification
D. storage and retention
E. retrieval and response
selective attention/comprehension, encoding and simplification, storage and retention, and retrieval and
response are each a stage in the four-stage information-processing sequence.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #1
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
2. (p. 24) In the social perception model, what is the third stage of social perception?
A. storage and retention
B. retrieval and response
C. encoding and simplification
D. comprehension
E. decisions
The four stages in order are (1) selective attention/comprehension, (2) encoding and simplification, (3) storage
and retention, and (4) retrieval and response.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #2
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
3. (p. 24) Which of the following statements most accurately defines “social cognition?”
A. the study of people and objects
B. the process of interpreting one’s environment
C. the study of how people perceive each other
D. a four-stage sequence
E. being consciously aware of someone
According to the text, the definition of social cognition is “the study of how people perceive each other”. The
definition of perception is “the process of interpreting one’s environment”. The definition of attention is “being
consciously aware of someone”. A four-stage sequence refers to the four-stage information-processing sequence
which perception involves.
Bloom’s: Definition
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #3
Learning Objective: 02-01 Define social perception and causal attributions.
4. (p. 24) “I am very hungry.” Which salient stimuli would the speaker most likely pay attention to?
A. a gas station sign
B. a fast food restaurant
C. a bank
D. a person walking their dog
E. a shopping mall
Research has shown that people tend to pay attention to salient stimuli. Something is salient if it stands out. If a
person was hungry, it is more likely that he or she would consider a fast food restaurant more salient due to the
feeling of hunger.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #4
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
5. (p. 26 Table 2.1) A student arrived 30 minutes late for an exam. The professor gave the student the full time for the
exam even though the student admitted she was late as she stopped for a coffee. This is an example of:
A. halo effect
B. leniency effect
C. central tendency effect
D. recency effect
E. contrast effect
Leniency is a personal characteristic that leads an individual to evaluate other people or objects in an extremely
positive fashion. In this example, the student chose to stop for a coffee, rather than be on time for the test. The
professor was lenient, as he did not reduce the student’s time to complete the test by the 30 minutes she was late.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #5
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
6. (p. 26 Table 2.1) The students compared their current professors when completing the evaluation of teaching
surveys. This is an example of:
A. halo effect
B. leniency effect
C. central tendency effect
D. recency effect
E. contrast effect
The tendency to evaluate people by comparing them with others who were recently observed.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #6
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
7. (p. 27) The CEO allowed each executive team member to defend his or her department budgetary allocation
that would result in a financial loss. This is an example of which negatively perceived leadership behaviour?
A. getting the team to work as individuals
B. letting group members make decisions
C. maintaining performance standards
D. assigning specific tasks
Good leaders were perceived as exhibiting the following behaviours: (1) assigning specific tasks to group
members; (2) telling others that they had done well; (3) setting specific goals for the group; (4) letting other
group members make decisions; (5) trying to get the group to work as a team; and (6) maintaining definite
standards of performance.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #7
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
8. (p. 30-31) Common forms of stereotypes include:
A. sex-role
B. age
C. racial
D. ethnic
E. all answers indicate a common form of stereotype
All are common forms of stereotypes. Disability, is the fifth form of stereotype in addition to the four included
in the answer section.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #8
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
9. (p. 35) Helen is working by herself at a shoe store as her two colleagues are at home sick. Her supervisor
comments on the messy displays and poor customer service, ignoring that the store is short staffed. This is an
example of:
A. stereotypes
B. perception
C. bullying
D. workplace aggression
E. fundamental attribution bias
The supervisor ignored the situational factors that played a role in the situation.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #9
Learning Objective: 02-05 Compare and contrast fundamental attribution bias and self-serving bias.
10. (p. 26-27) According to experts, implicit cognition can be reduced by:
A. training managers on interview techniques
B. using structured as opposed to unstructured interviews
C. training managers on interview techniques and using a structured interview process
D. allowing managers to use unstructured interviews
E. considering first impressions of the applicant
Experts offer two solutions for reducing the problem of implicit cognition. First, train managers to understand
and reduce this type of hidden bias by improving the interviewers’ ability to obtain high-quality, job-related
information and to stay focused on the task. Second, use a structured process as opposed to an unstructured
format, relying on evaluations from multiple interviewers.
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #10
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
11. (p. 27) Managers who conduct performance appraisals need to
A. accurately identify the behaviour and results indicative of good performance
B. be subjective
C. rely on their memory to recall employee behaviour
D. use quantitative measures only
E. provide feedback to the employee on a yearly basis
Faulty perceptions about what constitutes good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance
appraisals. Inaccurate performance appraisals erode motivation, commitment, and loyalty to the organization.
Therefore, it is important for managers to identify what is good performance at the start of the appraisal cycle.
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #11
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
12. (p. 36) Attribution models can be used by managers to
A. manage biases
B. manage underlying behaviour
C. explain how to handle poorly performing employees
D. explain the causes of one’s successes and externalize the causes of one’s failures
E. explain the transfer of employees whose poor performance was attributed to lack of ability
The application of attribution models for managers is to explain how they can handle poorly performing
employees. The other responses relate to attributional tendencies but do not accurately describe the use of
attribution models.
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #12
Learning Objective: 02-05 Compare and contrast fundamental attribution bias and self-serving bias.
13. (p. 36) A key managerial challenge is
A. reduce sex-role stereotypes
B. to treat employees fairly
C. use knowledge of perceptual process to help them interact more effectively with employees
D. to reduce the extent to which stereotypes influence decision making and interpersonal processes throughout
the organization
E. to use mixed-group contact to reduce stereotyping
A key managerial challenge is to reduce the extent to which stereotypes influence decision making and
interpersonal processes throughout the organization. Responses a – reduce sex-role stereotypes and e – to use
mixed-group contract to reduce stereotyping are subsets of stereotyping. Response b – to treat employees fairly,
is an aspect of social cognition and although important, is not the key managerial challenge. Response c is one
consideration related to stereotypes and perceptual errors.
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #13
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
14. (p. 35) Jane considers her job success to be due to her hard work, her in-depth knowledge, and her
understanding of the job. At times of job failures, Jane believes she was not supported by her peers and did not
receive all the information required for success. This is an example of
A. fundamental attribution bias
B. self-serving bias
C. distinctiveness
D. consistency
E. consensus
Self-serving bias is one’s tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. Failure is
due to external factors such as unproductive coworkers, or an unsympathetic boss. Success is due to hard work
and high ability.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #14
Learning Objective: 02-05 Compare and contrast fundamental attribution bias and self-serving bias.
15. (p. 24-26) Individuals interpret events differently. The reasons for the different interpretations may be due to
A. people possess different information
B. our moods and emotions
C. recent experiences
D. individual differences
E. all answers are correct
All answers provided are reasons for varying interpretations of an event.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #15
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
16. (p. 26 Table 2.1) What does central tendency effect refer to?
A. the tendency to judge people harshly
B. the tendency to avoid all extreme judgments
C. the tendency to not judge people
D. the tendency to rely on first impressions
E. the tendency to form an overall impression
A person who exhibits central tendency avoids all extreme judgments.
Bloom’s: Definition
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #16
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
17. (p. 35) What is fundamental attribution bias?
A. The tendency to emphasize personal characteristics
B. The tendency to emphasize situational characteristics
C. The tendency to ignore failures
D. The tendency to take personal responsibility for successes
E. The tendency to consider events immediately before any observed behaviours
Bias occurs when one’s tendency is to attribute behaviour to personal characteristics and ignore situational
factors. Situational factors are important and can significantly affect behaviour.
Bloom’s: Definition
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #17
Learning Objective: 02-05 Compare and contrast fundamental attribution bias and self-serving bias.
18. (p. 24) Perception is the process of interpreting one’s environment.
TRUE
The definition of perception is the process of interpreting one’s environment.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #18
Learning Objective: 02-01 Define social perception and causal attributions.
19. (p. 24) Perception involves a 3-stage sequence of information processing.
FALSE
Perception is a 4-stage model as outlined not a 3-stage model.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #19
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
20. (p. 26) Implicit cognition represents an automatic response from memory and is a conscious decision.
FALSE
Implicit cognition represents any thought or belief that is automatically activated without our conscious
awareness.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #20
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
21. (p. 27) Employees’ evaluation of their supervisor’s leadership is based on their individual schemata of good or
poor leaders.
TRUE
Research demonstrates that leaders will have difficulty influencing an employee when they exhibit behaviours
contained in the employees’ schemata of poor leaders.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #21
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
22. (p. 27) The employees of the organization considered Kevin a good leader. Therefore, Kevin had a greater
effect when trying to influence the employees.
TRUE
Research demonstrates that leaders will have difficulty influencing an employee when they exhibit behaviours
contained in the employees’ schemata of poor leaders.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #22
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
23. (p. 28) The belief that accountants are good at mathematics is a stereotype.
TRUE
This could be part of a stereotype that may or may not be accurate. A stereotype is used to differentiate a group
of people from other groups. It is likely that accountants are good at mathematics as the work is number-based
however, it unlikely that all accountants are good at mathematics.
Bloom’s: Application
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #23
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
24. (p. 35) Fundamental attribution bias is an individual’s tendency to attribute behaviours to situational factors.
FALSE
Fundamental attribution bias occurs when an individual attributes behaviour to personal characteristics rather
than situational factors.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #24
Learning Objective: 02-05 Compare and contrast fundamental attribution bias and self-serving bias.
25. (p. 26) Stage two of the four-stage perception sequence is encoding and simplification.
TRUE
The four stages are (1) selective attention/comprehension, (2) encoding and simplification, (3) storage and
retention, and (4) retrieval and response.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #25
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
26. (p. 26) Stage three of the four-stage perception sequence involves the storage of information in short-term
memory.
FALSE
During stage three, storage and retention, information is stored in long-term memory. The long-term memory is
composed of three aspects—event memory, semantic memory, and person memory.
Bloom’s: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #26
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain perception in terms of the four-stage social cognition processing sequence.
27. (p. 27-29) Explain how the six managerial activities are affected by perception. Include in your answer what
the six activities are, and how managers can reduce the effect of perception on each activity.
(1) list the six activities of (a) hiring, (b) performance appraisal, (c) leadership, (d) communication and
interpersonal influence, (e) workplace aggression, and (f) physical and psychological well-being. (2) Students
answers will vary as to how perception can be reduced for each managerial activity.
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #27
Learning Objective: 02-03 Illustrate six managerial implications of social perceptions.
28. (p. 27) Why is it important for all employees, both staff and managers, to have an understanding of perceptual
errors?
It is important for all employees to have an understanding of perceptual errors, as this will provide him/her with
knowledge as to why a situation is occurring. This is beneficial information for an interview, as a manager or a
new employee. Self awareness of one’s own perceptual biases is important. Refer to Table 2.1
Bloom’s: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Kinicki – Chapter 02 #28
Learning Objective: 02-04 Examine the managerial challenges and recommendations of sex-role; age; racial/ethnic; and disability stereotypes.
29. (p. 35) People formulate causal attributions. Part 1 – Explain how people formulate attributions. Part 2 –
Explain the three dimensions of behavior that influence attributions.
Part 1 – answers will vary. People formulate causal attributions by considering the events preceding an observed
behavior.
Part 2 – The three dimensions are (a) consensus, (b) distinctiveness, and (c) consistency. Student answers will
vary as to why each dimension influences attributions.
