Instant Download with all chapters and Answers
Sample Chapters
*you will get test bank in PDF in best viewable format after buy*
Multiple Choice
1. Our perception of the environment begins with _____.
a. energy
b. the proximal stimulus
c. the distal stimulus
d. cognition
ANSWER: c
2. Visible light is between _____ and _____ nm within the electromagnetic spectrum.
a. 100; 400
b. 400; 700
c. 500; 1000
d. 900; 1500
ANSWER: b
3. A wavelength of 10,000 meters would fall in the _____ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
a. X-rays
b. radio wave
c. infrared rays
d. gamma rays
ANSWER: b
4. The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of electromagnetic energy that is produced by _____ and is radiated as
_____.
a. electric charges; waves
b. magnetism; waves
c. electric charges; magnetism
d. magnetism; electric charges
ANSWER: a
5. The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye’s focusing power is the _____.
a. iris
b. pupil
c. cornea
d. lens
ANSWER: c
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
6. Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this.
What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called _____.
a. inhibition
b. reflection
c. accommodation
d. assimilation
ANSWER: c
7. The ciliary muscles change the shape of the _____, providing about 20% of the eye’s focusing power.
a. iris
b. pupil
c. cornea
d. lens
ANSWER: d
8. Lorelei’s mother is 60 years old, and, because of the condition called _____, she has a difficult time bringing near
objects into focus.
a. cataracts
b. diplopia
c. presbyopia
d. retinitis pigmentosa
ANSWER: c
9. In _____, the eyeball is too long, resulting in difficulty seeing far objects.
a. axial myopia
b. refractive myopia
c. axial hyperopia
d. refractive hyperopia
ANSWER: a
10. Individuals with myopia may have difficulty seeing _____ objects clearly. Often times, they are also referred to as
being _____.
a. nearby; farsighted
b. nearby; nearsighted
c. distant; farsighted
d. distant; nearsighted
ANSWER: d
11. Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This might be because _____.
a. Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate
b. Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate
c. Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged
d. Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read
ANSWER: a
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
12. The visual pigment molecules are contained in the _____.
a. inner segments of the visual receptors
b. outer segments of the visual receptors
c. axons of the rods
d. axons of the cones
ANSWER: b
13. _______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.
a. Opsin
b. Retinal
c. Choroid
d. Thyric acid
ANSWER: b
14. The isomerization of a single pigment molecule triggers what is best described as a _____.
a. chain reaction
b. ballistic expansion
c. hyperactive potential
d. hypopolarization wave
ANSWER: a
15. Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones?
a. The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination
conditions.
b. The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina.
c. There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 6 million cones.
d. The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape.
ANSWER: c
16. A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is _____.
a. macular degeneration
b. retinitis pigmentosa
c. presbyopia
d. retinal hypopolarization
ANSWER: a
17. In the early stages of _____, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer peripheral vision.
a. macular degeneration
b. retinitis pigmentosa
c. presbyopia
d. retinal hypopolarization
ANSWER: b
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
18. The blind spot is located _____.
a. in the fovea
b. in the vitreous
c. where the optic nerve leaves the eye
d. at the optic chiasm
ANSWER: c
19. Nina does a demonstration of “seeing” the blind spot, in which a grid pattern surrounds the black dot that disappears
when it falls on the blind spot. What does Nina most likely see in the area where the dot disappears?
a. a blurry gray area
b. a white circle
c. nothing
d. a continuation of the grid pattern
ANSWER: d
20. The episode of “Mythbusters” cited in the textbook demonstrated that dark adaptation was the reason why _____.
a. poker players wear sunglasses
b. pirates wore eyepatches
c. cardinals have good night vision
d. cats have good night vision
ANSWER: b
21. To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers _____.
a. use rod monochromats as the participants
b. present the stimulus foveally
c. present the stimulus in the periphery
d. use cone monochromats as participants
ANSWER: a
22. The “rod-cone break” in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about _____ in the dark.
a. 30 seconds
b. 2 minutes
c. 7 minutes
d. 30 minutes
ANSWER: c
23. When visual pigments become bleached they are _____.
a. dead
b. fully regenerated
c. color sensitive
d. detached from the opsin
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
24. Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is _____.
a. visual pigment regeneration
b. the enzyme cascade
c. modular organization
d. photon remission
ANSWER: a
25. Cone spectral sensitivity is measured by having the observer _____.
a. look up and blink
b. look straight forward without blinking
c. look directly into a light
d. look to the side of a flashing light
ANSWER: c
26. The peak in the spectral sensitivity curve is about _____ for the rods, and about _____ for the cones.
a. 700 nm; 400 nm
b. 450 nm; 800 nm
c. 500 nm; 560 nm
d. 600 nm; 450 nm
ANSWER: c
27. The Purkinje shift _____.
a. occurs when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim
conditions
b. occurs when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim
conditions
c. occurs when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light
conditions
d. demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration
ANSWER: a
28. There are ____ different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 7
ANSWER: b
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
29. The three major parts of a neuron are _____.
a. dendrites, cell body, and axon
b. axon, nerve fiber, and receptor
c. receptor, transmitter, and median
d. receptor, dendrites, and conductor
ANSWER: a
30. The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is _____ mV.
a. –70
b. –10
c. 0
d. +19
ANSWER: a
31. Which of the following statements best defines the “propagated response”?
a. Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude.
b. Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the
axon.
c. The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon.
d. The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites.
ANSWER: a
32. As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows that _____.
a. the amplitude of the action potential increases
b. the amplitude of the action potential decreases
c. the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus
d. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases
ANSWER: d
33. The upper limit of a neuron’s firing rate is estimated to be _____ impulses per second.
a. 20
b. 100
c. 800
d. 4400
ANSWER: c
34. At the beginning of the action potential, _____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.
a. positive potassium
b. negative potassium
c. positive sodium
d. negative sodium
ANSWER: c
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
35. The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the _____ of the nerve fiber.
a. suppression
b. permeability
c. accommodation
d. assimilation
ANSWER: b
36. Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called _____ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.
a. electrolytes
b. collagens
c. neurotransmitters
d. glial cells
ANSWER: c
37. The _____ analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites.
a. “needle in a haystack”
b. “lock and key”
c. “stadium wave”
d. “rolling stone”
ANSWER: b
38. ______ is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative.
a. Hyperpolarization
b. Depolarization
c. Antipolarization
d. Repolarization
ANSWER: a
39. The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of _____ input it receives from the presynaptic
neuron.
a. excitation
b. inhibition
c. equalization
d. both excitation and inhibition
ANSWER: d
40. _____ is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information.
a. Only inhibition
b. Only excitation
c. Only equalization
d. Both inhibition and excitation
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
41. Rods and cones synapse with _____ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells.
a. ganglion; bipolar
b. bipolar; ganglion
c. amacrine; unipolar
d. amacrine; bipolar
ANSWER: b
42. Converging circuits with excitation and inhibition are associated most closely with which step of the perceptual
process?
a. recognition
b. attention
c. neural processing
d. the environmental stimulus
ANSWER: c
43. If we compare how the rods and cones converge onto other retinal neurons, we find that _____.
a. foveal cones converge more than the peripheral rods
b. rods and cones converge equally
c. rods converge more than foveal cones
d. horizontal cells converge onto the peripheral cones
ANSWER: c
44. Convergence results in _____ sensitivity and _____ acuity.
a. increased; increased
b. increased; decreased
c. decreased; decreased
d. decreased; increased
ANSWER: b
45. Reading the eye chart in an optometrist’s office is used to measure _____.
a. acuity
b. sensitivity
c. receptive fields
d. creativity
ANSWER: a
46. Acuity is better in the _____ than in the _____.
a. periphery; fovea
b. optic disk; fovea
c. optic disk; cornea
d. fovea; periphery
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9
47. The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by _____.
a. the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions
b. the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions
c. the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
d. the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
ANSWER: c
48. The stimuli used in the preferential looking technique of testing infant acuity are _____.
a. geons
b. gratings
c. greebles
d. graftings
ANSWER: b
49. Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is _____.
a. one month old
b. two months old
c. one year old
d. two years old
ANSWER: c
50. Which of the following is a reason for the poor acuity of newborns?
a. The rods are not developed at birth.
b. Newborns have too much visual pigment in the cones.
c. A newborn’s rods have very narrow inner segments.
d. The visual cortex of the newborn is only partially developed.
ANSWER: d
Essay
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 02: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
51. Name and define three kinds of focusing problems.
AN
SW
ER
:
When you changed focus from far away to the nearby pencil point during this demonstration, you were changing your
accommodation. Either near objects or far objects can be in focus, but not both at the same time. Accommodation,
therefore, makes it possible to adjust vision for different distances. However, as people get older, their ability to
accommodate decreases due to hardening of the lens and weakening of the ciliary muscles, and so they become unable
to accommodate enough to see objects, or read, at close range. This loss of the ability to accommodate, called
presbyopia (for “old eye”), can be dealt with by wearing reading glasses, which brings near objects into focus by
replacing the focusing power that can no longer be provided by the lens.
Another problem that can be solved by a corrective lens is myopia, or nearsightedness, an inability to see distant
objects clearly. Myopia occurs when the optical system brings parallel rays of light into focus at a point in front of the
retina, so the image that reaches the retina is blurred. This problem can be caused by either of two factors: (1)
refractive myopia, in which the cornea and/ or the lens bends the light too much, or (2) axial myopia, in which the
eyeball is too long. Either way, images of faraway objects are not focused sharply, so objects look blurred. Corrective
lenses can solve this problem.
Finally, people with hyperopia, or farsightedness, can see distant objects clearly but have trouble seeing nearby
objects because the focus point for parallel rays of light is located behind the retina, usually because the eyeball is too
short. Young people can bring the image forward onto the retina by accommodating. However, older people, who
have difficulty accommodating, often use corrective lenses that bring the focus point forward onto the retina.
52. (a) Discuss the major differences between the rods and the cones.
(b) Describe two retinal disorders that differentially affect the rods and the cones.
AN
SW
ER
:
There are two types of visual receptors, rods and cones, so called because of the rod- and cone-shaped outer segments.
The rod and cone receptors not only have different shapes; they are also distributed differently across the retina. One
small area, the fovea, contains only cones. When we look directly at an object, the object’s image falls on the fovea.
The peripheral retina, which includes all of the retina outside of the fovea, contains both rods and cones. It is
important to note that although the fovea has only cones, there are also many cones in the peripheral retina.
A condition called macular degeneration, which is most common in older people, destroys the cone-rich fovea and a
small area that surrounds it. (Macula is a term usually associated with medical practice that includes the fovea plus a
small area surrounding the fovea.) This creates a blind region in central vision, so when a person looks directly at
something, he or she loses sight of it.
Another condition, called retinitis pigmentosa, is a degeneration of the retina that is passed from one generation to the
next (although not always affecting everyone in a family). This condition first attacks the peripheral rod receptors and
results in poor vision in the peripheral visual field. The peripheral retina contains many more rods than cones because
there are about 120 million rods and only 6 million cones in the retina.
53. (a) What is the “blind spot”?
(b) Discuss two reasons why we are not usually aware of the blind spot.
AN
SW
ER
:
There is one area in the retina where there are no receptors. This occurs where the nerve fibers that make up the optic
nerve leave the eye. Because of the absence of receptors, this place is called the blind spot. One reason we are not
usually aware of the blind spot is that the
