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Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)
Chapter 2 Sociological Research
1) Adler and Adler’s work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological
approaches?
A) Global, functionalist, and interactionist perspectives
B) Conflict, interactionist, and global perspectives
C) Interactionist, global, and feminist perspectives
D) Functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives
Answer: D
Topic: Sociological research
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
2) Which one of the following statements is true regarding the subjects of Adler and Adler’s
study of self-injurers?
A) Most begin injuring in secret.
B) They are a homogeneous group.
C) Their behavior is carefully planned.
D) Most were driven to it by major stresses in their lives.
Answer: C
Topic: Sociological research
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
3) Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that
ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
A) Scientific method
B) Social science
C) Experiment
D) Value neutrality
Answer: A
Topic: Scientific method
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
4) Which of the following is the second step of the scientific method?
A) Defining the problem
B) Selecting the research design
C) Reviewing the literature
D) Collecting and analyzing data
Answer: C
Topic: Scientific method
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
5) If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims
and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
A) review the literature on date and acquaintance rape.
B) define the problem.
C) create a hypothesis.
D) choose a research design.
Answer: B
Topic: Scientific method
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
6) After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
A) Define the problem.
B) Generate ideas for future research.
C) Formulate a hypothesis.
D) Choose a research design.
Answer: C
Topic: Scientific method
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
7) Sociologists conduct reviews of literature to do which of the following?
A) Refine the problem under study.
B) Identify potential sources of funding.
C) Determine whether a research study is in fact feasible.
D) Analyze the data and formulate conclusions.
Answer: A
Topic: Scientific method
Learning Objective: Outline and describe the steps in the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
8) An operational definition is
A) a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables.
B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C) an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure
the concept.
D) a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the
other.
Answer: C
Topic: Operational definition
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Bloom’s: Remember
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Question Category: Definition
9) A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what
percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial
group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
A) research design.
B) operational definition.
C) hypothesis.
D) theory.
Answer: B
Topic: Operational definition
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
10) The use of the discipline of sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and
organizations is known as
A) applied sociology.
B) ethnography.
C) clinical sociology.
D) qualitative research.
Answer: A
Topic: Operational definition
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
11) The use of photographic and video documentation in sociological study is known as
A) iconography.
B) visual sociology.
C) secondary sociology.
D) image analysis.
Answer: B
Topic: Operational definition
Learning Objective: Give an example of an operational definition.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
12) A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
A) correlation.
B) hypothesis.
C) sample.
D) research design.
Answer: B
Topic: Hypothesis
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
13) The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies”
is an example of
A) an operational definition.
B) a hypothesis.
C) a research design.
D) an independent variable.
Answer: B
Topic: Hypothesis
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
14) A variable is
A) a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C) the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects.
D) a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.
Answer: A
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
15) Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
A) indexes.
B) scales.
C) variables.
D) operational definitions.
Answer: C
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
16) The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by
social scientists as a(n)
A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) spurious variable.
D) operational variable.
Answer: A
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
17) Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership
is the
A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) spurious variable.
D) operational variable.
Answer: A
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
18) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit
suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
A) hypothesis.
B) independent variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) index.
Answer: B
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
19) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit
suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, suicide is a(n)
A) hypothesis.
B) independent variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) index.
Answer: C
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
20) The race of a criminal offender is found to determine the frequency with which capital
punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency with which capital punishment is
administered would be considered the
A) hypothesis.
B) independent variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) index.
Answer: C
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
21) Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic?
A) The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood
of, getting a high score.
B) Being less integrated into society may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of,
suicide.
C) The time spent tending to one’s vegetable garden may be directly related to, or produce a
greater likelihood of, overgrowth.
D) Being more involved in extracurricular activities may be directly related to, or produce a
lower likelihood of, college admission.
Answer: A
Topic: Hypothesis
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
22) A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
A) control variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) correlation.
D) cross-tabulation.
Answer: A
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
23) In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
A) experimental group.
B) representative group.
C) study group.
D) control group.
Answer: D
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
24) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of television violence on children. The set
of children that are shown the violent cartoons are considered to be the
A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
Answer: A
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
25) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of energy drinks on sleep. The individuals
who are given a placebo drink are considered to be the
A) independent variable.
B) control group.
C) experimental group.
D) dependent variable.
Answer: B
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
26) A study is being done on the effects of a new antibiotic on cognitive ability. In this scenario,
the antibiotic is considered to be the
A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
Answer: C
Topic: Variables
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between hypotheses and variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
27) A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely
to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
A) a hypothesis.
B) a correlation.
C) causal logic.
D) an effect.
Answer: B
Topic: Causation
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from cause.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
28) The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one
event leading to the other, is known as
A) observation.
B) causal logic.
C) a correlation.
D) an index.
Answer: B
Topic: Causation
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from cause.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
29) The statement “Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss” is an example
of
A) causal logic.
B) a dependent variable.
C) an independent variable.
D) a cross-tabulation.
Answer: A
Topic: Causation
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from cause.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
30) The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in
the other is known as a(n)
A) index.
B) correlation.
C) operational definition.
D) scale.
Answer: B
Topic: Correlation
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from cause.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
31) “Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less
knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines.” This statement is an
example of a(n)
A) causality.
B) correlation.
C) independent variable.
D) law.
Answer: B
Topic: Correlation
Learning Objective: Distinguish correlation from cause.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
32) In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the
same chance of being selected?
A) Random sample
B) Quota sample
C) Index sample
D) Roper sample
Answer: A
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
33) If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might
call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
A) scale.
B) control variable.
C) quota sample.
D) random sample.
Answer: D
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
34) A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
A) valid.
B) reliable.
C) an index.
D) a scale.
Answer: B
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
35) Validity refers to
A) the provision of consistent results.
B) independent, rather than dependent, variables.
C) the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study.
D) the ethical standards that are followed by sociologists.
Answer: C
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
36) What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or
difficult-to-identify groups?
A) Snowball sample
B) Random sample
C) Valid sample
D) Blind survey
Answer: A
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
37) A research design is a(n)
A) explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the
concept.
B) speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
C) indicator of attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics of people or organizations.
D) detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
Answer: D
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
38) A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists
with information concerning how people think or act is known as
A) observation research.
B) a survey.
C) secondary analysis.
D) an experiment.
Answer: B
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
39) To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist
interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the
same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
A) a secondary analysis.
B) participant observation.
C) a survey.
D) a content analysis.
Answer: C
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Application-Concept
40) Ethnography is the most common form of ________ research, which relies on what is seen in
the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) observational
D) experimental
Answer: B
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
41) Which of the following statements is true of cell phone users?
A) Cell phone users are more likely to answer all incoming calls.
B) Cell phone users are more likely to complete surveys.
C) There is a higher proportion of non-adults on cell phones.
D) There is a higher proportion of females on cell phones.
Answer: C
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Information
42) When a researcher collects information about a group through direct involvement and
inspection, this is known as
A) a survey.
B) observation.
C) secondary analysis.
D) an experiment.
Answer: B
Topic: Research methods
Learning Objective: Summarize the characteristics; advantages; and limitations of the major
research designs.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Question Category: Definition
