Solution Manual For Essential Reading Skills: Preparing For College Reading, 4/E 4th Edition by Kathleen T. McWhorter, Brette M Sember

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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 1
sometimes rights to a house. Dowry is the main form of marriage transfer in
farming societies throughout Eurasia. Brideprice, or bridewealth, is the
transfer of goods or money from the groom’s side to the bride’s parents. It is
common in peaceful, plant-growing cultures in the Amazon. Brideservice, a
type of brideprice, is a transfer of labor from the groom to his parents-in-law
for a set time period.
—Adapted from Miller, Cultural Anthropology, pp. 203–204.
Evaluating Highlighting
Directions: Read the following paragraph, which has been highlighted two
different ways. Look at each highlighted version, and then write your
answers to the questions that follow in the spaces provided.
Example 1
Money (or actually the lack of it) is a major source of stress for many
people. In a sense, this is one of the most “valid” stressors because so many
of our basic survival needs require money. Anyone struggling to survive on a
small income is likely to feel plenty of stress. But money has significance*
beyond its obvious value as a medium of exchange. Even some of the
wealthiest people become stressed over money-related issues. To some
people, wealth is a measurement of human value and their self-esteem is
based on their material assets. Stress management for such people requires
taking an objective look at the role money plays for them.
—Byer and Shainberg, Living Well, pp. 78–79.
Example 2
Money (or actually the lack of it) is a major source of stress for many
people. In a sense, this is one of the most “valid” stressors because so many
of our basic survival needs require money. Anyone struggling to survive on a
small income is likely to feel plenty of stress. But money has significance
beyond its obvious value as a medium of exchange. Even some of the wealthiest people become stressed over money-related issues. To some people,
wealth is a measurement of human value and their self-esteem is based on
their material assets. Stress management for such people requires taking an
objective look at the role money plays for them.
1. Is example 1 or example 2 the better example of effective highlighting?
2. Why isn’t the highlighting in the other example effective?
too much highlighting; wouldn’t save time when studying
example 2
EXERCISE 2–3
Highlighting and Marking 55
*Note: Circled words are included in the Testing Your Vocabulary (p. 70) exercise at
the end of the chapter.
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 55
sometimes rights to a house. Dowry is the main form of marriage transfer in
farming societies throughout Eurasia. Brideprice, or bridewealth, is the
transfer of goods or money from the groom’s side to the bride’s parents. It is
common in peaceful, plant-growing cultures in the Amazon. Brideservice, a
type of brideprice, is a transfer of labor from the groom to his parents-in-law
for a set time period.
—Adapted from Miller, Cultural Anthropology, pp. 203–204.
Evaluating Highlighting
Directions: Read the following paragraph, which has been highlighted two
different ways. Look at each highlighted version, and then write your
answers to the questions that follow in the spaces provided.
Example 1
Money (or actually the lack of it) is a major source of stress for many
people. In a sense, this is one of the most “valid” stressors because so many
of our basic survival needs require money. Anyone struggling to survive on a
small income is likely to feel plenty of stress. But money has significance*
beyond its obvious value as a medium of exchange. Even some of the
wealthiest people become stressed over money-related issues. To some
people, wealth is a measurement of human value and their self-esteem is
based on their material assets. Stress management for such people requires
taking an objective look at the role money plays for them.
—Byer and Shainberg, Living Well, pp. 78–79.
Example 2
Money (or actually the lack of it) is a major source of stress for many
people. In a sense, this is one of the most “valid” stressors because so many
of our basic survival needs require money. Anyone struggling to survive on a
small income is likely to feel plenty of stress. But money has significance
beyond its obvious value as a medium of exchange. Even some of the wealthiest people become stressed over money-related issues. To some people,
wealth is a measurement of human value and their self-esteem is based on
their material assets. Stress management for such people requires taking an
objective look at the role money plays for them.
1. Is example 1 or example 2 the better example of effective highlighting?
2. Why isn’t the highlighting in the other example effective?
too much highlighting; wouldn’t save time when studying
example 2
EXERCISE 2–3
Highlighting and Marking 55
*Note: Circled words are included in the Testing Your Vocabulary (p. 70) exercise at
the end of the chapter.
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 55
for use by lower-status groups, offering many people the prestige of possessing a high-status symbol.
—Thio, Sociology, p. 534.
Outlining 59
In this outline, the major topic of the paragraph, “Why fashions occur,” is
listed first. The writer’s three main reasons are listed as A, B, and C.
Supporting details are then listed under the reasons. When you look at this
outline, you can easily see the writer’s most important points.
Completing an Outline
Directions: After reading the passage below and the incomplete outline that
follows, fill in the missing information in the outline.
Gossip
There can be no doubt that we spend a great deal of time gossiping. In
fact, gossip seems universal among all cultures, and among some groups
gossip is a commonly accepted ritual.
Gossip involves making social evaluations about a person who is not
present during the conversation; it generally occurs when two people talk
about a third party.
In the organization, gossip has particularly important consequences and
in many instances has been shown to lead to firings, lawsuits, and damaged
careers. And because of the speed and ease with which members of an organization can communicate with each other (instant messaging, e-mail, and
blogs, for example) gossip can spread quickly and broadly.
People often gossip in order to get some kind of reward; for example, to
hear more gossip, gain social status or control, have fun, cement social
bonds, or make social comparisons.
EXERCISE 2–5
I. Why fashions occur
A. Some societies like change.
1. Modern societies—yearly changes
2. Traditional societies—may be no change for many years
B. Industries encourage changes to increase sales.
C. Changes generally start at top.
1. Blue jeans an exception—came from lower-class
2. Usually start as upper-class status symbol, then move to other
classes
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Gossiping, however, often leads others to see you more negatively—
regardless of whether your gossip is positive or negative or whether you’re
sharing this gossip with strangers or with friends.
In addition to its negative impact on the gossiper, gossiping often has ethical
implications. In many instances gossiping would be considered unethical: for
example, when you use it to unfairly hurt another person, when you know
it’s not true, when no one has the right to such personal information, or
when you are breaking a promise of secrecy.
—DeVito, Human Communication, p. 154.
60 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Mapping
Mapping is a visual method of organizing information. It involves drawing
diagrams to show how ideas in a paragraph or chapter are related. Some
students prefer mapping to outlining because they feel it is freer and less
tightly structured.
GOAL 
I. Gossip
A. Popularity of gossip
1. Occurs in all cultures
2.
B.
1. Social evaluations about a person not present
2.
C. Gossip in organizations
1.
2. Can spread quickly because of the ease of communication
in the organization
D. Reasons for gossip
1.
2. Examples: to hear more gossip, to gain social status or control, to have fun, to cement social bonds, to make social
comparisons
2.
3. Examples: hurting another person, sharing information
people have no right to know, breaking promises of secrecy.
Can be unethical
E. Consequences
1. People can see gossiper more negatively
For a reward
Consequences include firings, lawsuits, and damaged careers
Occurs when two people talk about a third
Definition
Commonly accepted ritual in some groups
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/11/10 5:22 PM Page 60
Marking
Although highlighting can be very helpful, sometimes you may want to circle a
word, ask a question, or write some other kind of note to yourself as you read.
In these instances, try making notes in the margin in addition to highlighting.
Here are just a few ways to use marking:
1. Box words you do not know.
2. Mark definitions with “def.”
3. Make notes to yourself—such as “good example,” “test question,”
“reread,” or “ask instructor.”
4. Put question marks next to confusing words or passages.
In the following passage, a student taking an introduction to business
course has used marking as well as highlighting:
U.S. companies have several options as to the products they sell outside
the United States. They can sell the same product abroad that they sell at
home, they can modify the product for foreign markets, or they can develop
an entirely new product for foreign markets.
The simplest strategy is known as product extension, which involves
offering the same product in all markets, domestic and foreign. This
approach has worked successfully for companies including Pepsico, CocaCola, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Levis. Pepsi and Coke are currently battling for market share in both Russia and Vietnam, countries with small but
growing soft-drink markets. Both firms are producing and selling the same
cola to the Russian and Vietnamese markets that they sell to other markets
around the world. Not all companies that have attempted it, however, have
found success with product extension. When Duncan Hines introduced its
rich, moist American cakes to England, the British found them too messy to
hold while sipping tea. Japanese consumers disliked the coleslaw produced
by Kentucky Fried Chicken; it was too sweet for their tastes. KFC responded
by cutting the sugar in half.
—Kinnear, Bernhardt, and Krentler, Principles of Marketing, p. 132.
Notice how the student has used marking to box a word he’s not sure of, to
point out a definition, and to comment on some examples.
Practicing Highlighting and Marking
Directions: Read the following paragraphs, which are a continuation of the
preceding passage. Highlight and mark the paragraphs in a way that would
help you remember the material and study it later.
EXERCISE 2–4
56 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
def
good
examples
of product
extension
not working
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 56
When companies modify a product to meet local preferences or conditions, this strategy is known as product adaptation. Cosmetics companies
produce different colors to meet the differing preferences of European consumers. French women like bold reds while British and German women
prefer pearly pink shades of lipstick and nail color. Nestle’s sells varieties of
coffee to suit local tastes worldwide. Unilever produces frozen versions of
local delicacies such as Bami Goreng and Madras Curry for markets in
Indonesia and India.
Product invention consists of developing a new product to meet a
market’s needs and preferences. The opportunities that exist with this
strategy are great since many unmet needs exist worldwide, particularly in
developing and less-developed economies. Marketers have not been quick,
however, to attempt product invention. For example, despite the fact that an
estimated 600 million people worldwide still scrub clothes by hand, it was
the early 1980s before a company (Colgate-Palmolive) developed an inexpensive, all plastic, manual washing machine with the tumbling action of an
automatic washer for use in homes without electricity.
—Kinnear, Bernhardt, and Krentler, Principles
of Marketing, p. 132.
Outlining
Making an outline is another good way to keep track of what you have read.
Outlining involves listing major and minor ideas and showing how they are
related. When you make an outline, follow the writer’s organization. An
outline usually follows a format like the one below:
Outlining 57
def
def
Why so slow?
GOAL 
I. First major topic
A. First major idea
1. First key supporting detail
2. Second key supporting detail
B. Second major idea
1. First key supporting detail
a. Minor detail or example
b. Minor detail or example
2. Second key supporting detail
II. Second major topic
A. First major idea
ex
ex
ex
To practice,
go to
– Study Plan
– Reading
Skills
– Outlining and
Summarizing
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 2
What five transition words does the writer use to introduce the main points?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Completing a Map
Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, complete each section of
the map in which a blank line appears. Fill in the writer’s main points as well
as some supporting details.
Animal diets vary enormously, and so do methods of feeding. Certain parasites—tapeworms, for instance—are absorptive feeders; lacking a mouth or
digestive tract, they absorb nutrients through their body surface. In contrast, the
majority of animals, including the great whales, are ingestive feeders; they eat
(ingest) living or dead organisms, either plants or animals or both, through a
mouth.
Animals that ingest both plants and animals are called omnivores. We
humans are omnivores, as are crows, cockroaches, and raccoons. In contrast,
plant-eaters, such as cattle, deer, gorillas, and a vast array of aquatic species
that graze on algae are called herbivores. Carnivores, such as lions, sharks,
hawks, spiders, and snakes, eat other animals.
—Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece, Biology, p. 430.
EXERCISE 2–7
First Second Next Then Finally
64 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
mation?
Clear your
desk
Give yourself
5 minutes
to start
Divide task into
manageable
parts
Start
somewhere
Recognize when
you need more
information
Suggestions for overcoming procrastination
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 64
What five transition words does the writer use to introduce the main points?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Completing a Map
Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, complete each section of
the map in which a blank line appears. Fill in the writer’s main points as well
as some supporting details.
Animal diets vary enormously, and so do methods of feeding. Certain parasites—tapeworms, for instance—are absorptive feeders; lacking a mouth or
digestive tract, they absorb nutrients through their body surface. In contrast, the
majority of animals, including the great whales, are ingestive feeders; they eat
(ingest) living or dead organisms, either plants or animals or both, through a
mouth.
Animals that ingest both plants and animals are called omnivores. We
humans are omnivores, as are crows, cockroaches, and raccoons. In contrast,
plant-eaters, such as cattle, deer, gorillas, and a vast array of aquatic species
that graze on algae are called herbivores. Carnivores, such as lions, sharks,
hawks, spiders, and snakes, eat other animals.
—Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece, Biology, p. 430.
EXERCISE 2–7
First Second Next Then Finally
64 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
mation?
Clear your
desk
Give yourself
5 minutes
to start
Divide task into
manageable
parts
Start
somewhere
Recognize when
you need more
information
Suggestions for overcoming procrastination
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 64
Summarizing
Summarizing is another good way to remember and keep track of information. A summary is a brief statement that pulls together the most important
ideas in something you have read. It is much shorter than an outline and
contains less detailed information. At times, you may want to summarize a
paragraph, an essay, or even a chapter.
To write a good summary you need to understand the material and identify the writer’s major points. Here are some tips to follow:
1. Underline each major idea in the material.
2. Write one sentence that states the writer’s most important idea. This sentence will be the topic sentence of your summary.
3. Be sure to use your own words rather than those of the author.
Summarizing 65
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
mation
Example:
tapeworm Animal diets and
methods of feeding
vary enormously.
Absorptive
feeders—through
body surface
Ingestive
feeders—
through
mouth
omnivores—
eat plants
and
animals
herbivores—
plant
eaters
carnivores—
eat other
animals
Examples:
lions
sharks
Examples:
cattle
deer
Examples:
humans
crows
Answers for examples
may vary.
GOAL 
To practice,
go to
– Study Plan
– Reading
Skills
– Outlining and
Summarizing
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 65
Gossiping, however, often leads others to see you more negatively—
regardless of whether your gossip is positive or negative or whether you’re
sharing this gossip with strangers or with friends.
In addition to its negative impact on the gossiper, gossiping often has ethical
implications. In many instances gossiping would be considered unethical: for
example, when you use it to unfairly hurt another person, when you know
it’s not true, when no one has the right to such personal information, or
when you are breaking a promise of secrecy.
—DeVito, Human Communication, p. 154.
60 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Mapping
Mapping is a visual method of organizing information. It involves drawing
diagrams to show how ideas in a paragraph or chapter are related. Some
students prefer mapping to outlining because they feel it is freer and less
tightly structured.
GOAL 
I. Gossip
A. Popularity of gossip
1. Occurs in all cultures
2.
B.
1. Social evaluations about a person not present
2.
C. Gossip in organizations
1.
2. Can spread quickly because of the ease of communication
in the organization
D. Reasons for gossip
1.
2. Examples: to hear more gossip, to gain social status or control, to have fun, to cement social bonds, to make social
comparisons
E. Consequences
1.
2.
3. Examples: hurting another person, sharing information
people have no right to know, breaking promises of secrecy.
Can be unethical
People can see gossiper more negatively
For a reward
Consequences include firings, lawsuits, and damaged careers
Occurs when two people talk about a third
Definition
Commonly accepted ritual in some groups
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/11/10 5:22 PM Page 60
Another type of map is one that shows a process—the steps involved
in doing something (see Figure 2-4). When you study chronological order
and process in Chapter 8 (pp. 297–300), you will discover more uses for
these kinds of maps.
Completing a Map
Directions: Read the following paragraph and complete the map on p.64
filling in the writer’s main points in the spaces provided. Then answer the
question that follows the map.
When your college work load increases, it is tempting to put things
off. Here are some suggestions to help you overcome procrastination,
which is the tendency to postpone tasks that need to be done. First, clear
your desk. Move everything except the materials for the task at hand.
Once you start working, you will be less likely to be distracted. Second,
give yourself five minutes to start. If you are having trouble beginning a
task, working on it for just five minutes might spark your motivation.
Next, divide the task into manageable parts. Working with just a part of a
task is usually less overwhelming. Then, start somewhere, no matter
where. It is better to do something rather than sit and stare. Finally, recognize when you need more information. Sometimes you may avoid a task
because you’re not sure how to do it. Discuss your questions with classmates or with your professor.
EXERCISE 2–6
Mapping 63
FIGURE 2-4 Sample process map
Process: How to Assemble a Birdhouse
Read
directions
Lay out
materials
and tools
Attach
sides to
bottom
Add
roof
Paint
finished
birdhouse
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 63
What five transition words does the writer use to introduce the main points?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Completing a Map
Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, complete each section of
the map in which a blank line appears. Fill in the writer’s main points as well
as some supporting details.
Animal diets vary enormously, and so do methods of feeding. Certain parasites—tapeworms, for instance—are absorptive feeders; lacking a mouth or
digestive tract, they absorb nutrients through their body surface. In contrast, the
majority of animals, including the great whales, are ingestive feeders; they eat
(ingest) living or dead organisms, either plants or animals or both, through a
mouth.
Animals that ingest both plants and animals are called omnivores. We
humans are omnivores, as are crows, cockroaches, and raccoons. In contrast,
plant-eaters, such as cattle, deer, gorillas, and a vast array of aquatic species
that graze on algae are called herbivores. Carnivores, such as lions, sharks,
hawks, spiders, and snakes, eat other animals.
—Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece, Biology, p. 430.
EXERCISE 2–7
First Second Next Then Finally
64 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
mation?
Clear your
desk
Give yourself
5 minutes
to start
Divide task into
manageable
parts
Start
somewhere
Recognize when
you need more
information
Suggestions for overcoming procrastination
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 64
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 3
4. Focus on the author’s major ideas, not on supporting details.
5. Keep the ideas in the summary in the same order as in the original material.
Read the following summary of the paragraph shown in Example 1 in
Exercise 2-3 on page 55.
Money is stressful because it is necessary for survival. Wealth is also, for
some people, a measure of self-worth.
Notice that this summary contains only the most important ideas.
Details are not included.
Practicing Summarizing
A. Directions: Read the following statements and mark each one true (T) or
false (F).
1. Summaries usually contain a lot of detailed information.
2. When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words.
3. The ideas in a summary should be in the same order as in the
original material.
B. Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, choose the letter of
the choice that best summarizes each one.
4. When a group is too large for an effective discussion or
when its members are not well informed on the topic, a panel
of individuals may be selected to discuss the topic for the
benefit of others, who then become an audience. Members of
a panel may be particularly well informed on the subject or
may represent divergent views. For example, your group
may be interested in UFOs (unidentified flying objects) and
hold a discussion for your classmates. Or your group might
tackle the problems of tenants and landlords. Whatever
your topic, the audience should learn the basic issues from
your discussion.
—Gronbeck et al., Principles of Speech Communication, p. 302.
a. Panel members are usually well informed on the subject,
even though they may express different views. Members of
a panel on UFOs, for example, may disagree about whether
they exist.
c
T
T
F
EXERCISE 2–8
66 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 66
4. Focus on the author’s major ideas, not on supporting details.
5. Keep the ideas in the summary in the same order as in the original material.
Read the following summary of the paragraph shown in Example 1 in
Exercise 2-3 on page 55.
Money is stressful because it is necessary for survival. Wealth is also, for
some people, a measure of self-worth.
Notice that this summary contains only the most important ideas.
Details are not included.
Practicing Summarizing
A. Directions: Read the following statements and mark each one true (T) or
false (F).
1. Summaries usually contain a lot of detailed information.
2. When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words.
3. The ideas in a summary should be in the same order as in the
original material.
B. Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, choose the letter of
the choice that best summarizes each one.
4. When a group is too large for an effective discussion or
when its members are not well informed on the topic, a panel
of individuals may be selected to discuss the topic for the
benefit of others, who then become an audience. Members of
a panel may be particularly well informed on the subject or
may represent divergent views. For example, your group
may be interested in UFOs (unidentified flying objects) and
hold a discussion for your classmates. Or your group might
tackle the problems of tenants and landlords. Whatever
your topic, the audience should learn the basic issues from
your discussion.
—Gronbeck et al., Principles of Speech Communication, p. 302.
a. Panel members are usually well informed on the subject,
even though they may express different views. Members of
a panel on UFOs, for example, may disagree about whether
they exist.
c
T
T
F
EXERCISE 2–8
66 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 66
4. Focus on the author’s major ideas, not on supporting details.
5. Keep the ideas in the summary in the same order as in the original material.
Read the following summary of the paragraph shown in Example 1 in
Exercise 2-3 on page 55.
Money is stressful because it is necessary for survival. Wealth is also, for
some people, a measure of self-worth.
Notice that this summary contains only the most important ideas.
Details are not included.
Practicing Summarizing
A. Directions: Read the following statements and mark each one true (T) or
false (F).
1. Summaries usually contain a lot of detailed information.
2. When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words.
3. The ideas in a summary should be in the same order as in the
original material.
B. Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, choose the letter of
the choice that best summarizes each one.
4. When a group is too large for an effective discussion or
when its members are not well informed on the topic, a panel
of individuals may be selected to discuss the topic for the
benefit of others, who then become an audience. Members of
a panel may be particularly well informed on the subject or
may represent divergent views. For example, your group
may be interested in UFOs (unidentified flying objects) and
hold a discussion for your classmates. Or your group might
tackle the problems of tenants and landlords. Whatever
your topic, the audience should learn the basic issues from
your discussion.
—Gronbeck et al., Principles of Speech Communication, p. 302.
a. Panel members are usually well informed on the subject,
even though they may express different views. Members of
a panel on UFOs, for example, may disagree about whether
they exist.
c
T
T
F
EXERCISE 2–8
66 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 66
4. Focus on the author’s major ideas, not on supporting details.
5. Keep the ideas in the summary in the same order as in the original material.
Read the following summary of the paragraph shown in Example 1 in
Exercise 2-3 on page 55.
Money is stressful because it is necessary for survival. Wealth is also, for
some people, a measure of self-worth.
Notice that this summary contains only the most important ideas.
Details are not included.
Practicing Summarizing
A. Directions: Read the following statements and mark each one true (T) or
false (F).
1. Summaries usually contain a lot of detailed information.
2. When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words.
3. The ideas in a summary should be in the same order as in the
original material.
B. Directions: After reading the following paragraphs, choose the letter of
the choice that best summarizes each one.
4. When a group is too large for an effective discussion or
when its members are not well informed on the topic, a panel
of individuals may be selected to discuss the topic for the
benefit of others, who then become an audience. Members of
a panel may be particularly well informed on the subject or
may represent divergent views. For example, your group
may be interested in UFOs (unidentified flying objects) and
hold a discussion for your classmates. Or your group might
tackle the problems of tenants and landlords. Whatever
your topic, the audience should learn the basic issues from
your discussion.
—Gronbeck et al., Principles of Speech Communication, p. 302.
a. Panel members are usually well informed on the subject,
even though they may express different views. Members of
a panel on UFOs, for example, may disagree about whether
they exist.
c
T
T
F
EXERCISE 2–8
66 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 66
b. Whatever topic a panel discusses, it is important that the
audience learns basic information about the topic. For this
reason, only well-informed people should participate in
panels.
c. If a group is very large, or if its members are not familiar
with a particular topic, a panel of people is sometimes
chosen to talk about the topic. The rest of the group should
get essential information from the panel’s discussion.
d. Panels work effectively in large groups, such as in classrooms. Panels also work well when a group’s members
don’t know very much about a topic. For example, a panel
might talk about the problems of tenants and landlords to
a group that was not familiar with such problems.
5. The process of becoming hypnotized begins when the
people who will be hypnotized find a comfortable body
position and become thoroughly relaxed. Without letting
their minds wander to other matters, they focus their attention on a specific object or sound, such as a metronome or
the hypnotist’s voice. Then, based on both what the hypnotherapist [hypnotist] expects to occur and actually sees
occurring, she or he tells the clients how they will feel as the
hypnotic process continues. For instance, the hypnotist may
say, “You are feeling completely relaxed” or “Your eyelids
are becoming heavy.” When people being hypnotized recognize that their feelings match the hypnotist’s comments, they
are likely to believe that some change is taking place. That
belief seems to increase their openness to other statements
made by the hypnotist.
—Uba and Huang, Psychology, p. 148.
a. The first step in being hypnotized is for people to feel comfortable and at ease. Then, they pay close attention to a
particular item or sound while the hypnotist tells them how
they will feel. If they believe their feelings are the same as
what the hypnotist is saying, they will be more likely to
accept other comments the hypnotist makes.
b. If the hypnotist says, “Your eyelids are becoming
heavy,” then the person being hypnotized would believe
such a statement. The person being hypnotized would
also continue to believe other statements the hypnotist
makes.
a
Summarizing 67
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 4
70 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter and to review its
major points, mark each of the following statements true (T) or false (F).
1. The SQ3R system provides repetition of key information to
be learned.
2. If people highlight too much material, they are probably not
focusing on the most important ideas.
3. Outlining involves listing major and minor ideas and showing
how they are related.
4. When you make an outline, the most important ideas are
closer to the right margin.
5. Mapping is more structured than outlining.
6. A summary is a brief statement that pulls together the most
important ideas in something you have read.
7. A time line is a kind of summary.
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A are circled where they appear in exercises or examples in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by
matching each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
1. significance (p. 55) a. related to morals
2. artifact (p. 58) b. eat
3. ethical (p. 60) c. differing from another
4. ingest (p. 64) d. meaning
5. divergent (p. 66) e. object c
b
a
e
d
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 70
c. The most important part of being hypnotized is to feel
comfortable and relaxed. If you are uncomfortable at the
beginning, you might not be willing to accept what the
hypnotist is saying. To feel relaxed try to focus on changes
that are taking place.
d. If the hypnotist says, “You are feeling completely relaxed,”
people being hypnotized have to believe that this is true. If
such belief does not occur, then it is unlikely that hypnosis
will happen. Once the subject feels relaxed, his or her eyelids get heavy.
68 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Preparing for College Textbook Reading
Deciding What to Learn in Textbooks
One of the most challenging tasks facing college students is deciding what
to learn in each of their textbooks. Let’s face it: you cannot learn every fact
in every one of your textbooks. Fortunately, your textbooks offer you
plenty of guidance. They contain numerous features to help you pick out
what is important.
Using Textbook Features
One useful feature is chapter objectives. These may be labeled “Learning
Objectives,” “Chapter Objectives,” or “Learning Goals,” as they are called
in this book. (In later chapters you will learn to use other aids, such as headings, summaries, focus questions, and self-tests that also help you know
what to learn.)
Chapter objectives are a list of what you should know when you have finished reading a chapter. Often they correspond or relate to the course objectives that appear on your course syllabus. Read the objectives once before
you read the chapter, as part of your preview. Then, after you have finished
the chapter, use them to test yourself by writing notes that summarize what
you have learned about each objective.
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 68
b. Whatever topic a panel discusses, it is important that the
audience learns basic information about the topic. For this
reason, only well-informed people should participate in
panels.
c. If a group is very large, or if its members are not familiar
with a particular topic, a panel of people is sometimes
chosen to talk about the topic. The rest of the group should
get essential information from the panel’s discussion.
d. Panels work effectively in large groups, such as in classrooms. Panels also work well when a group’s members
don’t know very much about a topic. For example, a panel
might talk about the problems of tenants and landlords to
a group that was not familiar with such problems.
5. The process of becoming hypnotized begins when the
people who will be hypnotized find a comfortable body
position and become thoroughly relaxed. Without letting
their minds wander to other matters, they focus their attention on a specific object or sound, such as a metronome or
the hypnotist’s voice. Then, based on both what the hypnotherapist [hypnotist] expects to occur and actually sees
occurring, she or he tells the clients how they will feel as the
hypnotic process continues. For instance, the hypnotist may
say, “You are feeling completely relaxed” or “Your eyelids
are becoming heavy.” When people being hypnotized recognize that their feelings match the hypnotist’s comments, they
are likely to believe that some change is taking place. That
belief seems to increase their openness to other statements
made by the hypnotist.
—Uba and Huang, Psychology, p. 148.
a. The first step in being hypnotized is for people to feel comfortable and at ease. Then, they pay close attention to a
particular item or sound while the hypnotist tells them how
they will feel. If they believe their feelings are the same as
what the hypnotist is saying, they will be more likely to
accept other comments the hypnotist makes.
b. If the hypnotist says, “Your eyelids are becoming
heavy,” then the person being hypnotized would believe
such a statement. The person being hypnotized would
also continue to believe other statements the hypnotist
makes.
a
Summarizing 67
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 67
c. The most important part of being hypnotized is to feel
comfortable and relaxed. If you are uncomfortable at the
beginning, you might not be willing to accept what the
hypnotist is saying. To feel relaxed try to focus on changes
that are taking place.
d. If the hypnotist says, “You are feeling completely relaxed,”
people being hypnotized have to believe that this is true. If
such belief does not occur, then it is unlikely that hypnosis
will happen. Once the subject feels relaxed, his or her eyelids get heavy.
68 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Preparing for College Textbook Reading
Deciding What to Learn in Textbooks
One of the most challenging tasks facing college students is deciding what
to learn in each of their textbooks. Let’s face it: you cannot learn every fact
in every one of your textbooks. Fortunately, your textbooks offer you
plenty of guidance. They contain numerous features to help you pick out
what is important.
Using Textbook Features
One useful feature is chapter objectives. These may be labeled “Learning
Objectives,” “Chapter Objectives,” or “Learning Goals,” as they are called
in this book. (In later chapters you will learn to use other aids, such as headings, summaries, focus questions, and self-tests that also help you know
what to learn.)
Chapter objectives are a list of what you should know when you have finished reading a chapter. Often they correspond or relate to the course objectives that appear on your course syllabus. Read the objectives once before
you read the chapter, as part of your preview. Then, after you have finished
the chapter, use them to test yourself by writing notes that summarize what
you have learned about each objective.
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 68
70 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter and to review its
major points, mark each of the following statements true (T) or false (F).
1. The SQ3R system provides repetition of key information to
be learned.
2. If people highlight too much material, they are probably not
focusing on the most important ideas.
3. Outlining involves listing major and minor ideas and showing
how they are related.
4. When you make an outline, the most important ideas are
closer to the right margin.
5. Mapping is more structured than outlining.
6. A summary is a brief statement that pulls together the most
important ideas in something you have read.
7. A time line is a kind of summary.
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A are circled where they appear in exercises or examples in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by
matching each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
1. significance (p. 55) a. related to morals
2. artifact (p. 58) b. eat
3. ethical (p. 60) c. differing from another
4. ingest (p. 64) d. meaning
5. divergent (p. 66) e. object c
b
a
e
d
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 70
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 5
taken from a communicaKnowing What to Highlight
Directions: After reading the following passage,
tions textbook, write the letter of the choice that best completes each of the
statements that follow.
HUMOROUS APPEALS
1 what is funny to one
another. Specific cultures
material in diverse ways.
The use of humor can be tricky, particularly since
person may be offensive or incomprehensible to
may have different senses of humor and use funny
For example, commercials in the United Kingdom are more likely to use puns
and satire than they are in the United States.
2
ads were better than
humor affects recall or
from counterarguing,
Does humor work? Overall, humorous advertisements do get attention. One
study found that recognition scores for humorous liquor
average. However, the verdict is mixed as to whether
product attitudes in a significant way. One function it may play is to provide a
source of distraction. A funny ad inhibits the consumer
thereby increasing the likelihood of message acceptance.
3
This danger is similar to
points. Subtle humor is
the potential consumer.
adapt to it quite well.
Humor is more likely to be effective when the brand is clearly identified and
the funny material does not “swamp” the message.
that of beautiful models diverting attention from copy
usually better, as is humor that does not make fun of
Finally, humor should be appropriate to the product’s image. An undertaker or
a bank might want to avoid humor, but other products
Sales of Sunsweet pitted prunes improved dramatically based on the claim,
“Today the pits, tomorrow the wrinkles.”
4 An antismoking public campaign recently sponsored by the State of Arizona
illustrates how humor can be used to transmit a serious message to an audience that may not be otherwise receptive to it. In a television commercial, a
teenager sitting in a movie theater with his date spits gooey chewed tobacco
in a cup. His date, who doesn’t realize this, reaches over and takes a drink. The
caption says, “Tobacco: a tumor-causing, teeth-staining, smelly, puking habit.”
The campaign is also selling merchandise with the slogan through its Smelly,
Puking Habit Merchandise Center.
—Solomon, Consumer Behavior, pp. 252–253.
74 Practice Test 2-2
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 2-2
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 74
1. In paragraph 1, which of the following word groups is most
important to highlight?
a. use of humor can be tricky
b. in diverse ways
c. particularly since what is funny
d. commercials in the United Kingdom
2. In paragraph 1, which word or phrase serves as a transition?
a. in the United States c. for example
b. specific cultures d. more likely
3. In paragraph 2, which of the following word groups is most
important to highlight?
a. one study found
b. in a significant way
c. one function it may play
d. humorous advertisements do get attention
4. Paragraph 2 begins with the question “Does humor work?”
According to the passage, the best answer to that question is
a. yes.
b. no.
c. only if humor serves as a distractor.
d. the verdict is mixed.
5. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that
a. there are several guidelines to follow in using humor in
advertisements.
b. undertakers and bankers might want to avoid humor.
c. subtle humor is usually better.
d. “Today the pits, tomorrow the wrinkles.”
6. In paragraph 3, all of the following word groups are important to highlight except
a. funny material does not “swamp” the message.
b. subtle humor is usually better.
c. humor should be appropriate to the product’s image.
d. sales of Sunsweet pitted prunes improved dramatically.
d
a
d
d
c
a
Practice Test 2-2 75
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 75
“Technology and Love,”
the selection that
only once. Not all
Summarizing
Directions: After reading the following article,
select the words and phrases from the box that follows
best complete the summary. Use each word or phrase
words and phrases in the box will be used.
TECHNOLOGY AND LOVE
1 it seems, are more
a study some years
communicated more freTechnology influences romantic relationships. Women,
likely to form relationships on the Internet than men. In
ago, about 72 percent of women and 55 percent of men had formed personal
relationships online. Not surprisingly, those who
quently formed more relationships.
2
Unlike relationships
to some popular
Friendship and
boon to shut-ins and
meeting someone are
face-to-face interactions
the Internet you’re
There are many advantages to establishing romantic relationships online.
For example, online relationships are safe in terms of avoiding the potential
for physical violence or sexually transmitted diseases.
established in face-to-face encounters, in which physical appearance tends
to outweigh personality, Internet communication reveals your inner qualities
first. Rapport and mutual self-disclosure become more important than physical attractiveness in promoting intimacy. And, contrary
opinions, online relationships rely just as heavily on the ideals of trust, honesty, and commitment as do face-to-face relationships.
romantic interaction on the Internet are a natural
extremely shy people, for whom traditional ways of
often difficult. Computer talk is empowering for those who have been disfigured or who have certain disabilities for whom
are often superficial and often end with withdrawal. On
free to reveal as much or as little about your physical self as you wish, when
you wish.
3 you can reach is
matches what you’re
Another obvious advantage is that the number of people
so vast that it’s relatively easy to find someone who
looking for. The situation is like finding a book that covers just what you need
from a library of millions of volumes rather than from a collection holding only
several thousand.
4 and depending on
the photos are of the
may not be able to
Of course, there are also disadvantages. For one thing,
the software you’re using, you may not be able to see the person. And even if
photos are exchanged, how certain can you be that
person or that they were taken recently? In addition, you
hear the person’s voice, and this too hinders you as you seek to develop a total
picture of the other person.
72 Practice Test 2-1
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 2-1
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 72
5 Online, people can present a false self with little chance of detection;
minors may present themselves as adults, and adults may present themselves
as children in order to conduct illicit and illegal sexual communications and,
perhaps, meetings. Similarly, people can present themselves as poor when
they’re rich, as mature when they’re immature, as serious and committed
when they’re just enjoying the online experience. Although people can also
misrepresent themselves in face-to-face relationships, the fact that it’s easier
to do online probably accounts for greater frequency of misrepresentation in
computer relationships.
6 Another potential disadvantage—though some might argue it is actually an
advantage—is that computer interactions may become all-consuming and
may substitute for face-to-face interpersonal relationships.
—DeVito, Human Communication, pp. 203–204.
Practice Test 2-1 73
online dating
all-consuming
impact
intelligence
avoiding violence
computer
culture
misrepresent
search
form relationships
substitute
personality
expensive
disadvantages
potential
long-term
appearance
Technology has an on love. More women than
men use the Internet to . Online relationships have
advantages, such as or sexually transmitted
diseases and placing an emphasis on rather
than looks. The Internet allows access to a greater number of
love interests. The
include not being able to see the person’s or hear
his or her voice. There is a greater opportunity for people to
themselves online and Internet communications
can become and a for inperson relationships.
all-consuming substitute
misrepresent
appearance
potential disadvantages
personality
avoiding violence
form relationships
impact
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 73
70 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter and to review its
major points, mark each of the following statements true (T) or false (F).
1. The SQ3R system provides repetition of key information to
be learned.
2. If people highlight too much material, they are probably not
focusing on the most important ideas.
3. Outlining involves listing major and minor ideas and showing
how they are related.
4. When you make an outline, the most important ideas are
closer to the right margin.
5. Mapping is more structured than outlining.
6. A summary is a brief statement that pulls together the most
important ideas in something you have read.
7. A time line is a kind of summary.
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A are circled where they appear in exercises or examples in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by
matching each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
1. significance (p. 55) a. related to morals
2. artifact (p. 58) b. eat
3. ethical (p. 60) c. differing from another
4. ingest (p. 64) d. meaning
5. divergent (p. 66) e. object c
b
a
e
d
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 70
70 CHAPTER 2 – Reading and Learning from College Textbooks
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter and to review its
major points, mark each of the following statements true (T) or false (F).
1. The SQ3R system provides repetition of key information to
be learned.
2. If people highlight too much material, they are probably not
focusing on the most important ideas.
3. Outlining involves listing major and minor ideas and showing
how they are related.
4. When you make an outline, the most important ideas are
closer to the right margin.
5. Mapping is more structured than outlining.
6. A summary is a brief statement that pulls together the most
important ideas in something you have read.
7. A time line is a kind of summary.
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A are circled where they appear in exercises or examples in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by
matching each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
1. significance (p. 55) a. related to morals
2. artifact (p. 58) b. eat
3. ethical (p. 60) c. differing from another
4. ingest (p. 64) d. meaning
5. divergent (p. 66) e. object c
b
a
e
d
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 70
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 6
7. In paragraph 3, the Sunsweet pitted prune advertisement is
a. the unstated main idea.
b. an example.
c. the main point.
d. a transition.
8. In paragraph 4, the term receptive means
a. open to.
b. opposed to.
c. angered by.
d. object to.
9. The main idea of paragraph 4 is that humor can be used
a. with audiences not willing to accept the advertiser’s message.
b. with teenagers.
c. with controversial products.
d. without offending the audience.
10. In paragraph 4, which of the following word groups is most
important to highlight?
a. reaches over and takes a drink
b. humor can be used to transmit a serious message
c. sponsored by the State of Arizona
d. Smelly, Puking Habit Merchandise Center
b
a
a
b
76 Practice Test 2-2
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 76
1. In paragraph 1, which of the following word groups is most
important to highlight?
a. use of humor can be tricky
b. in diverse ways
c. particularly since what is funny
d. commercials in the United Kingdom
2. In paragraph 1, which word or phrase serves as a transition?
a. in the United States c. for example
b. specific cultures d. more likely
3. In paragraph 2, which of the following word groups is most
important to highlight?
a. one study found
b. in a significant way
c. one function it may play
d. humorous advertisements do get attention
4. Paragraph 2 begins with the question “Does humor work?”
According to the passage, the best answer to that question is
a. yes.
b. no.
c. only if humor serves as a distractor.
d. the verdict is mixed.
5. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that
a. there are several guidelines to follow in using humor in
advertisements.
b. undertakers and bankers might want to avoid humor.
c. subtle humor is usually better.
d. “Today the pits, tomorrow the wrinkles.”
6. In paragraph 3, all of the following word groups are important to highlight except
a. funny material does not “swamp” the message.
b. subtle humor is usually better.
c. humor should be appropriate to the product’s image.
d. sales of Sunsweet pitted prunes improved dramatically.
d
a
d
d
c
a
Practice Test 2-2 75
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 7
Outlining
Directions: After reading the following passage, taken from a health textbook, fill in the missing information in the outline that follows.
CAFFEINE
Caffeine is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the United
States. Almost half of all Americans drink coffee every day, and many others
use caffeine in some other form, mainly for its well-known “wake-up” effect.
Drinking coffee is legal, even socially encouraged. Many people believe caffeine is a nondrug item and not really addictive. Besides, it tastes good.
Coffee and other caffeine-containing products seem harmless; with no
cream or sugar added, they are calorie-free and therefore a good way to fill
yourself up if you are dieting. If you share these attitudes, you should think
again, because research in the last decade has linked caffeine to certain
health problems.
Caffeine is a drug derived from the chemical family called xanthines. Two
related chemicals, theophylline and theobromine, are found in tea and chocolate, respectively. The xanthines are mild central nervous system stimulants.
They enhance mental alertness and reduce the feeling of fatigue. Other stimulant effects include increases in heart muscle contraction, oxygen consumption, metabolism, and urinary output. These effects are felt within 15 to
45 minutes of ingesting a caffeine-containing product.
Side effects of the xanthines include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular
heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, and sometimes mild delirium. Some
people also experience heartburn. As with some other drugs, the user’s psychological outlook and expectations will influence the stimulant effects of xanthine-containing products.
—Donatelle, Health: The Basics, p. 213.
Practice Test 2-3 77
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME
DATE
_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
_________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 2-3
I. Caffeine—popular and widely consumed .
A. Uses and benefits
1.
2.
3. Calorie-free
Good taste
Wake-up effect
drug
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 77
Outlining
Directions: After reading the following passage, taken from a health textbook, fill in the missing information in the outline that follows.
CAFFEINE
Caffeine is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the United
States. Almost half of all Americans drink coffee every day, and many others
use caffeine in some other form, mainly for its well-known “wake-up” effect.
Drinking coffee is legal, even socially encouraged. Many people believe caffeine is a nondrug item and not really addictive. Besides, it tastes good.
Coffee and other caffeine-containing products seem harmless; with no
cream or sugar added, they are calorie-free and therefore a good way to fill
yourself up if you are dieting. If you share these attitudes, you should think
again, because research in the last decade has linked caffeine to certain
health problems.
Caffeine is a drug derived from the chemical family called xanthines. Two
related chemicals, theophylline and theobromine, are found in tea and chocolate, respectively. The xanthines are mild central nervous system stimulants.
They enhance mental alertness and reduce the feeling of fatigue. Other stimulant effects include increases in heart muscle contraction, oxygen consumption, metabolism, and urinary output. These effects are felt within 15 to
45 minutes of ingesting a caffeine-containing product.
Side effects of the xanthines include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular
heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, and sometimes mild delirium. Some
people also experience heartburn. As with some other drugs, the user’s psychological outlook and expectations will influence the stimulant effects of xanthine-containing products.
—Donatelle, Health: The Basics, p. 213.
Practice Test 2-3 77
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 2-3
I. Caffeine—popular and widely consumed .
A. Uses and benefits
1.
2.
3. Calorie-free
Good taste
Wake-up effect
drug
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 77
78 Practice Test 2-3
B. May create health problems
II. Physical effects of caffeine as a member of the drug family xanthine
A. Mild stimulant
B.
C. Increases heart muscle contractions
D.
E. Increases metabolism
F.
III. Side effects
A. Wakefulness
B.
C. Dizziness
D. Nausea
E. Indigestion
F.
G. Heartburn
H. User’s state of mind may influence the effects of caffeine products
Mild delirium
Insomnia
Increases urinary output
Increases oxygen consumption
Enhances alertness, reduces fatigue
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 78
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 8
Mapping
Directions: After reading the following passage, taken from a health textbook, fill in the missing information in the map that follows.
THIS THING CALLED LOVE
What is love? Finding a definition of love may be more difficult than listing
characteristics of a loving relationship. The term love has more entries in
Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations than does any other word except man. This fourletter word has been written about and engraved on walls; it has been the
theme of countless novels, movies, and plays. There is no one definition of
love, and the word may mean different things to people depending on cultural
values, age, gender, and situation.
Many social scientists maintain that love may be of two kinds:
companionate and passionate. Companionate love is a secure, trusting attachment, similar to what we may feel for family members or close friends. In companionate love, two people are attracted, have much in common, care about
each other’s well-being, and express reciprocal liking and respect. Passionate
love is, in contrast, a state of high arousal, filled with the ecstasy of being loved
by the partner and the agony of being rejected. The person experiencing passionate love tends to be preoccupied with his or her partner and to perceive
the love object as being perfect. According to Hatfield and Walster, passionate
love will not occur unless three conditions are met. First, the person must live
in a culture in which the concept of “falling in love” is idealized. Second, a
“suitable” love object must be present. If the person has been taught by parents, movies, books, and peers to seek partners having certain levels of attractiveness or belonging to certain racial groups or having certain socioeconomic
status and none is available, the person may find it difficult to allow him- or
herself to become involved. Finally, for passionate love to occur, there must be
some type of physiological arousal that occurs when a person is in the presence of the object of desire. Sexual excitement is often the way in which such
arousal is expressed.
In his article “The Triangular Theory of Love,” researcher Robert Sternberg
attempts to clarify further what love is by isolating three key ingredients:
• Intimacy: The emotional component, which involves feelings of closeness.
• Passion: The motivational component, which reflects romantic, sexual
attraction.
• Decision/commitment: The cognitive component, which includes the decision you make about being in love and the degree of commitment to your
partner.
Mastery Test 2-1 79
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME
DATE
_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
_________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-1
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Mapping
Directions: After reading the following passage, taken from a health textbook, fill in the missing information in the map that follows.
THIS THING CALLED LOVE
What is love? Finding a definition of love may be more difficult than listing
characteristics of a loving relationship. The term love has more entries in
Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations than does any other word except man. This fourletter word has been written about and engraved on walls; it has been the
theme of countless novels, movies, and plays. There is no one definition of
love, and the word may mean different things to people depending on cultural
values, age, gender, and situation.
Many social scientists maintain that love may be of two kinds:
companionate and passionate. Companionate love is a secure, trusting attachment, similar to what we may feel for family members or close friends. In companionate love, two people are attracted, have much in common, care about
each other’s well-being, and express reciprocal liking and respect. Passionate
love is, in contrast, a state of high arousal, filled with the ecstasy of being loved
by the partner and the agony of being rejected. The person experiencing passionate love tends to be preoccupied with his or her partner and to perceive
the love object as being perfect. According to Hatfield and Walster, passionate
love will not occur unless three conditions are met. First, the person must live
in a culture in which the concept of “falling in love” is idealized. Second, a
“suitable” love object must be present. If the person has been taught by parents, movies, books, and peers to seek partners having certain levels of attractiveness or belonging to certain racial groups or having certain socioeconomic
status and none is available, the person may find it difficult to allow him- or
herself to become involved. Finally, for passionate love to occur, there must be
some type of physiological arousal that occurs when a person is in the presence of the object of desire. Sexual excitement is often the way in which such
arousal is expressed.
In his article “The Triangular Theory of Love,” researcher Robert Sternberg
attempts to clarify further what love is by isolating three key ingredients:
• Intimacy: The emotional component, which involves feelings of closeness.
• Passion: The motivational component, which reflects romantic, sexual
attraction.
• Decision/commitment: The cognitive component, which includes the decision you make about being in love and the degree of commitment to your
partner.
Mastery Test 2-1 79
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-1
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According to Sternberg’s model, the higher the levels of intimacy, passion,
and commitment, the more likely a person is to be involved in a healthy, positive love relationship.
—Donatelle, Health: The Basics, p. 99.
80 Mastery Test 2-1
This
Thing
Called Love
Definition
Difficult to define
no single
definition
means
different things
to different
people
secure, trusting
attachment
Companionate Passionate
arousal and
ecstasy
physiological
arousal
Decision/
commitment
Passion
3 conditions
Intimacy
Two Types Three Ingredients
Love
This Thing Called Love
suitable
partner
concept is
idealized
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 80
Mapping
Directions: After reading the following passage, taken from a health textbook, fill in the missing information in the map that follows.
THIS THING CALLED LOVE
What is love? Finding a definition of love may be more difficult than listing
characteristics of a loving relationship. The term love has more entries in
Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations than does any other word except man. This fourletter word has been written about and engraved on walls; it has been the
theme of countless novels, movies, and plays. There is no one definition of
love, and the word may mean different things to people depending on cultural
values, age, gender, and situation.
Many social scientists maintain that love may be of two kinds:
companionate and passionate. Companionate love is a secure, trusting attachment, similar to what we may feel for family members or close friends. In companionate love, two people are attracted, have much in common, care about
each other’s well-being, and express reciprocal liking and respect. Passionate
love is, in contrast, a state of high arousal, filled with the ecstasy of being loved
by the partner and the agony of being rejected. The person experiencing passionate love tends to be preoccupied with his or her partner and to perceive
the love object as being perfect. According to Hatfield and Walster, passionate
love will not occur unless three conditions are met. First, the person must live
in a culture in which the concept of “falling in love” is idealized. Second, a
“suitable” love object must be present. If the person has been taught by parents, movies, books, and peers to seek partners having certain levels of attractiveness or belonging to certain racial groups or having certain socioeconomic
status and none is available, the person may find it difficult to allow him- or
herself to become involved. Finally, for passionate love to occur, there must be
some type of physiological arousal that occurs when a person is in the presence of the object of desire. Sexual excitement is often the way in which such
arousal is expressed.
In his article “The Triangular Theory of Love,” researcher Robert Sternberg
attempts to clarify further what love is by isolating three key ingredients:
• Intimacy: The emotional component, which involves feelings of closeness.
• Passion: The motivational component, which reflects romantic, sexual
attraction.
• Decision/commitment: The cognitive component, which includes the decision you make about being in love and the degree of commitment to your
partner.
Mastery Test 2-1 79
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-1
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82 Mastery Test 2-2
A. Active listening
1. Physical alertness
a. Sit straight
b. Tilt your
c. Remain quiet
2. alertness
a. Be an equal partner
b. Be ready to share
B. Letting the listener know you are participating
1. Nonverbal clues
a.
b. Pay attention to the speaker
c. Express feeling with your
2. clues
a. Ask
b. Signal understanding with words
c. Express or disagreement
C. Passive listening
1. Definition
a. Listening without
b. Listening without giving the speaker
2. Benefits
a. Communicates acceptance
b. Allows speakers to develop their own ideas
c. Provides supportive environment
direction
talking
agreement
questions
Verbal
face
Maintain eye contact
meaning
Mental
head
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/11/10 5:24 PM Page 82
Outlining
Directions: After reading the following passage, fill in the missing information in the outline that follows.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LISTENING
The general key to effective listening in interpersonal situations is to
listen actively. Perhaps the best preparation for active listening is to act physically and mentally like an alert listener. For many people, this may be the most
abused rule of effective listening. Recall, for example, how your body almost
automatically reacts to important news: Almost immediately, you assume an
upright posture, cock your head to the speaker, and remain relatively still and
quiet. You do this almost reflexively because this is the way you listen most
effectively. Even more important than this physical alertness is mental alertness. As a listener, participate in the communication as an equal partner with
the speaker, as one who is emotionally and intellectually ready to engage in the
sharing of meaning.
Active listening is expressive. Let the listener know that you are participating in the communication process. Nonverbally, maintain eye contact,
focus your concentration on the speaker rather than on others present, and
express your feeling facially. Verbally, ask appropriate questions, signal
understanding with “I see” or “yes,” and express agreement or disagreement
as appropriate.
Passive listening is, however, not without merit. Passive listening—listening without talking or directing the speaker in any obvious way—is a powerful means of communicating acceptance. This is the kind of listening that
people ask for when they say, “Just listen to me.” They are essentially asking
you to suspend your judgment and “just listen.” Passive listening allows the
speaker to develop his or her thoughts and ideas in the presence of another
person who accepts but does not evaluate, who supports but does not
intrude. By listening passively, you provide a supportive environment. Once
that has been established, you may wish to participate in a more active way,
verbally and nonverbally.
—DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book, p. 141.
Mastery Test 2-2 81
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME
DATE
_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
_________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-2
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Outlining
Directions: After reading the following passage, fill in the missing information in the outline that follows.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LISTENING
The general key to effective listening in interpersonal situations is to
listen actively. Perhaps the best preparation for active listening is to act physically and mentally like an alert listener. For many people, this may be the most
abused rule of effective listening. Recall, for example, how your body almost
automatically reacts to important news: Almost immediately, you assume an
upright posture, cock your head to the speaker, and remain relatively still and
quiet. You do this almost reflexively because this is the way you listen most
effectively. Even more important than this physical alertness is mental alertness. As a listener, participate in the communication as an equal partner with
the speaker, as one who is emotionally and intellectually ready to engage in the
sharing of meaning.
Active listening is expressive. Let the listener know that you are participating in the communication process. Nonverbally, maintain eye contact,
focus your concentration on the speaker rather than on others present, and
express your feeling facially. Verbally, ask appropriate questions, signal
understanding with “I see” or “yes,” and express agreement or disagreement
as appropriate.
Passive listening is, however, not without merit. Passive listening—listening without talking or directing the speaker in any obvious way—is a powerful means of communicating acceptance. This is the kind of listening that
people ask for when they say, “Just listen to me.” They are essentially asking
you to suspend your judgment and “just listen.” Passive listening allows the
speaker to develop his or her thoughts and ideas in the presence of another
person who accepts but does not evaluate, who supports but does not
intrude. By listening passively, you provide a supportive environment. Once
that has been established, you may wish to participate in a more active way,
verbally and nonverbally.
—DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book, p. 141.
Mastery Test 2-2 81
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-2
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 81
Outlining
Directions: After reading the following passage, fill in the missing information in the outline that follows.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LISTENING
The general key to effective listening in interpersonal situations is to
listen actively. Perhaps the best preparation for active listening is to act physically and mentally like an alert listener. For many people, this may be the most
abused rule of effective listening. Recall, for example, how your body almost
automatically reacts to important news: Almost immediately, you assume an
upright posture, cock your head to the speaker, and remain relatively still and
quiet. You do this almost reflexively because this is the way you listen most
effectively. Even more important than this physical alertness is mental alertness. As a listener, participate in the communication as an equal partner with
the speaker, as one who is emotionally and intellectually ready to engage in the
sharing of meaning.
Active listening is expressive. Let the listener know that you are participating in the communication process. Nonverbally, maintain eye contact,
focus your concentration on the speaker rather than on others present, and
express your feeling facially. Verbally, ask appropriate questions, signal
understanding with “I see” or “yes,” and express agreement or disagreement
as appropriate.
Passive listening is, however, not without merit. Passive listening—listening without talking or directing the speaker in any obvious way—is a powerful means of communicating acceptance. This is the kind of listening that
people ask for when they say, “Just listen to me.” They are essentially asking
you to suspend your judgment and “just listen.” Passive listening allows the
speaker to develop his or her thoughts and ideas in the presence of another
person who accepts but does not evaluate, who supports but does not
intrude. By listening passively, you provide a supportive environment. Once
that has been established, you may wish to participate in a more active way,
verbally and nonverbally.
—DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book, p. 141.
Mastery Test 2-2 81
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-2
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 9
82 Mastery Test 2-2
A. Active listening
1. Physical alertness
a. Sit straight
b. Tilt your
c. Remain quiet
2. alertness
a. Be an equal partner
b. Be ready to share
B. Letting the listener know you are participating
1. Nonverbal clues
a.
b. Pay attention to the speaker
c. Express feeling with your
2. clues
a. Ask
b. Signal understanding with words
c. Express or disagreement
C. Passive listening
1. Definition
a. Listening without
b. Listening without giving the speaker
2. Benefits
a. Communicates acceptance
b. Allows speakers to develop their own ideas
c. Provides supportive environment
direction
talking
agreement
questions
Verbal
face
Maintain eye contact
meaning
Mental
head
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/11/10 5:24 PM Page 82
Body Piercing and Tattooing
Rebecca J. Donatelle and Lorraine G. Davis
Tattoos and body piercings are increasingly popular. Read this selection,
which first appeared in a college health textbook, Access to Health, to find
out why “body art” is growing in popularity and to learn about the health
risks associated with it.
Vocabulary Preview
These are some of the difficult words in this essay. The definitions
here will help you if you can’t figure out the meanings from the
sentence context or word parts.
enclaves (para. 1) distinct groups or communities
medium (para. 2) a means of conveying something
elitism (para. 2) a perceived superiority
pathogens (para. 6) disease-causing agents (germs)
adverse (para. 6) unfavorable
Mastery Test 2-3 83
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME
DATE
_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
_________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 2-3
1 One look around college campuses and other enclaves for young people
reveals a trend that, while not necessarily new, has been growing in recent years.
We’re talking, of course, about body piercing and tattooing, also referred to as
“body art.” For decades, tattoos appeared to be worn only by motorcyclists, military guys, and general roughnecks; and in many people’s eyes, they represented
the rougher, seedier part of society. Body piercing, on the other hand, was virtually nonexistent in our culture except for pierced ears, which didn’t really appear
until the latter part of the twentieth century. Even then, pierced ears were limited,
for the most part, to women.
2 Various forms of body art, however, can be traced throughout human history
when people “dress themselves up” to attract attention or be viewed as acceptable by their peers. Examinations of cultures throughout the world, both historical
and contemporary, provide evidence of the use of body art as a medium of selfand cultural expression. Ancient cultures often used body piercing as a mark of
royalty or elitism. Egyptian pharaohs underwent rites of passage by piercing their
navels. Roman soldiers demonstrated manhood by piercing their nipples.
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 83
Mastery Test 2-3 85
and still others provide few regulations and standards by which parlors have to
abide. Standards for safety usually include minimum age of use, standards of
sanitation, use of aseptic techniques, sterilization of equipment, informed risks,
instructions for skin care, record keeping, and recommendations for dealing with
adverse reactions. Because of this varying degree of standards regulating the
business and the potential for transmission of dangerous pathogens, anyone who
receives a tattoo, body piercing, or permanent makeup tattoo cannot donate
blood for one year.
Important Advice
7 Anyone who does opt for tattooing or body piercing should remember the following points:
• Look for clean, well-lit work areas, and ask about sterilization procedures.
• Before having work done, watch the artist work. Tattoo removal is expensive and often undoable. Make sure the tattoo is one you can live with.
• Right before piercing or tattooing, the body area should be carefully sterilized and the artist should wear new latex gloves and touch nothing else
while working.
• Packaged, sterilized needles should be used only once and then discarded. A piercing gun should not be used because it cannot be sterilized
properly.
• Only jewelry made of noncorrosive metal, such as surgical stainless steel,
niobium, or solid 14-karat gold, is safe for new piercing.
• Leftover tattoo ink should be discarded after each procedure.
• If any signs of pus, swelling, redness, or discoloration persist, remove the
piercing object and contact a physician. –
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that best
completes each of the following statements.
CHECKING YOUR COMPREHENSION
1. The primary purpose of this selection is to
a. discuss the use of body art throughout history.
b. promote the use of body art as a form of self-expression.
c. explain the cultural bases of body piercing.
d. describe the health risks associated with body art.
d
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2. The selection focuses on the trend in body piercing and tattooing among
a. women. c. young people.
b. ancient cultures. d. people in the military.
3. According to the selection, anyone who has received a tattoo
or body piercing must wait a year before
a. donating blood.
b. getting another tattoo.
c. getting another piercing.
d. having a tattoo removed.
4. One of the greatest health risks from body piercing and
tattooing results from
a. leftover ink.
b. unsterile needles.
c. allergic reactions.
d. overexposure to air or light.
5. The laws and policies regulating body piercing and tattooing
can best be described as
a. strict in every state.
b. moderate in every state.
c. varying from state to state.
d. completely nonexistent.
USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT KEEPING TRACK
OF INFORMATION
6. In paragraph 2, which sentence would be the most important
to highlight?
a. sentence 1 c. sentence 4
b. sentence 2 d. sentence 5
7. Which of the following statements best summarizes
paragraph 4?
a. Local health officials and federal agencies are being
ignored.
b
b
c
b
a
c
86 Mastery Test 2-3
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 86
2. The selection focuses on the trend in body piercing and tattooing among
a. women. c. young people.
b. ancient cultures. d. people in the military.
3. According to the selection, anyone who has received a tattoo
or body piercing must wait a year before
a. donating blood.
b. getting another tattoo.
c. getting another piercing.
d. having a tattoo removed.
4. One of the greatest health risks from body piercing and
tattooing results from
a. leftover ink.
b. unsterile needles.
c. allergic reactions.
d. overexposure to air or light.
5. The laws and policies regulating body piercing and tattooing
can best be described as
a. strict in every state.
b. moderate in every state.
c. varying from state to state.
d. completely nonexistent.
USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT KEEPING TRACK
OF INFORMATION
6. In paragraph 2, which sentence would be the most important
to highlight?
a. sentence 1 c. sentence 4
b. sentence 2 d. sentence 5
7. Which of the following statements best summarizes
paragraph 4?
a. Local health officials and federal agencies are being
ignored.
b
b
c
b
a
c
86 Mastery Test 2-3
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 10
2. The selection focuses on the trend in body piercing and tattooing among
a. women. c. young people.
b. ancient cultures. d. people in the military.
3. According to the selection, anyone who has received a tattoo
or body piercing must wait a year before
a. donating blood.
b. getting another tattoo.
c. getting another piercing.
d. having a tattoo removed.
4. One of the greatest health risks from body piercing and
tattooing results from
a. leftover ink.
b. unsterile needles.
c. allergic reactions.
d. overexposure to air or light.
5. The laws and policies regulating body piercing and tattooing
can best be described as
a. strict in every state.
b. moderate in every state.
c. varying from state to state.
d. completely nonexistent.
USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT KEEPING TRACK
OF INFORMATION
6. In paragraph 2, which sentence would be the most important
to highlight?
a. sentence 1 c. sentence 4
b. sentence 2 d. sentence 5
7. Which of the following statements best summarizes
paragraph 4?
a. Local health officials and federal agencies are being
ignored.
b
b
c
b
a
c
86 Mastery Test 2-3
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 86
b. Tattooing and body piercing have become more popular in
spite of the health risks.
c. The latest artistic additions in tattooing and body piercing
have made body art more popular.
d. Tattoo artists do a booming business.
The map (below) of paragraph 7 is referred to in questions 8 through 10:
8. The word that belongs in the space marked A is
a. sterilization. c. piercing.
b. medical. d. regulation.
9. The words that belong in the space marked B are
a. demonstrate design. c. guarantee work.
b. wear new gloves. d. clean work area.
10. The word that belongs in the space marked C is
a. gold or silver. c. jewelry.
b. brand new. d. noncorrosive.
d
b
a
Mastery Test 2-3 87
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
Body Art:
Important
Advice
Remove piercing
and see doctor if
infection appears
Watch tattoo
artist at work before
getting tattoo
New, sterile
needles discarded
after one use
Leftover ink
discarded after
one use
Clean, well-lit work
areas; __________
procedures used
A
Artist should
sterilize body area
and _________ B
Only __________
metal used for
new piercing
C
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 87
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 11
b. Tattooing and body piercing have become more popular in
spite of the health risks.
c. The latest artistic additions in tattooing and body piercing
have made body art more popular.
d. Tattoo artists do a booming business.
The map (below) of paragraph 7 is referred to in questions 8 through 10:
8. The word that belongs in the space marked A is
a. sterilization. c. piercing.
b. medical. d. regulation.
9. The words that belong in the space marked B are
a. demonstrate design. c. guarantee work.
b. wear new gloves. d. clean work area.
10. The word that belongs in the space marked C is
a. gold or silver. c. jewelry.
b. brand new. d. noncorrosive.
d
b
a
Mastery Test 2-3 87
Body Art:
Important
Advice
Remove piercing
and see doctor if
infection appears
Watch tattoo
artist at work before
getting tattoo
New, sterile
needles discarded
after one use
Leftover ink
discarded after
one use
Clean, well-lit work
areas; __________
procedures used
A
Artist should
sterilize body area
and _________ B
Only __________
metal used for
new piercing
C
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/15/10 10:55 AM Page 87
USING CONTEXT AND WORD PARTS
11. In paragraph 3, the word surge means
a. disapproval. c. improvement.
b. increase. d. decline.
12. In paragraph 5, the word teeming means
a. lacking. c. paired up.
b. disappearing. d. full of or overflowing with.
13. In paragraph 5, the word transmitters means
a. spreaders. c. imitators.
b. creators. d. destroyers.
14. In paragraph 7, the word discarded means
a. made clean. c. untouched.
b. thrown away. d. used again.
15. In paragraph 7, the word discoloration means
a. brightening. c. fading or darkening.
b. reduction in size. d. infection.
REVIEWING DIFFICULT VOCABULARY
Directions: Match each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
16. enclave a. a perceived superiority
17. medium b. unfavorable
18. elitism c. distinct group or community
19. pathogens d. a means of conveying something
20. adverse e. disease-causing agents b
e
a
d
c
c
b
a
d
b
88 Mastery Test 2-3
MCWH_3467_CH02_pp050-091.qxd 11/4/10 5:52 PM Page 88
USING CONTEXT AND WORD PARTS
11. In paragraph 3, the word surge means
a. disapproval. c. improvement.
b. increase. d. decline.
12. In paragraph 5, the word teeming means
a. lacking. c. paired up.
b. disappearing. d. full of or overflowing with.
13. In paragraph 5, the word transmitters means
a. spreaders. c. imitators.
b. creators. d. destroyers.
14. In paragraph 7, the word discarded means
a. made clean. c. untouched.
b. thrown away. d. used again.
15. In paragraph 7, the word discoloration means
a. brightening. c. fading or darkening.
b. reduction in size. d. infection.
REVIEWING DIFFICULT VOCABULARY
Directions: Match each word in column A with its meaning in column B.
Column A Column B
16. enclave a. a perceived superiority
17. medium b. unfavorable
18. elitism c. distinct group or community
19. pathogens d. a means of conveying something
20. adverse e. disease-causing agents b
e
a
d
c
c
b
a
d
b
88 Mastery Test 2-3
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 2, Page 12
STUDYING WORDS
21. The meaning of the word examinations (para. 2) as it is used
in the reading is
a. interrogations in a court of law.
b. close studies and analyses.
c. test situations.
d. studies of samples for medical diagnoses.
22. The word pathogens (para. 6) is correctly pronounced
a. pat O gens. c. PATH o gens.
b. PA the o gens. d. pa the OGENS.
23. The word tetanus (para. 6) is derived from which of the
following languages?
a. Latin c. Spanish
b. French d. German
24. The restrictive meaning of the word medium (para. 2) in the
field of biology is
a. someone who communicates with the dead.
b. neither large nor small.
c. substance in which an organism grows.
d. state between extremes.
25. What part of speech is the word seedier (para. 1)?
a. adverb c. noun
b. verb d. adjective
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
1. Do you have a tattoo or a piercing, or do you know someone who
does? Discuss your reasons for (or against) getting a tattoo or a
piercing.
d
c
a
c
b
Mastery Test 2-3 89
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 2
Using a Dictionary
Directions: Use a dictionary to answer the following questions.
1. How many meanings are listed for the word fall?
2. How is the word phylloxera pronounced? (Record its phonetic spelling.)
3. Can the word protest be used other than as a verb? If so, how?
4. The word prime can mean first or original. List some of its other
meanings.
5. What does the French expression savoir faire mean?
6. List three synonyms for the word fault.
7. List several words that are formed using the word dream.
8. What is the plural spelling of addendum?
9. Explain the meaning of the idiom turn over a new leaf.
10. Define the word reconstitute and write a sentence using the word.
Pronouncing Unfamiliar Words
At one time or another, each of us comes across words that we are unable to
pronounce. To pronounce an unfamiliar word, sound it out syllable by syllable. Here are a few simple rules for dividing words into syllables:
1. Divide compound words between the individual words that form the
compound word.
to add water to rehydrate food. Reconstituted orange juice does not taste fresh.
to make a fresh start
addenda
dreamy, daydream, dreamful, dreamed
mistake, penalty, shortcoming
ability to act appropriately in a situation
earliest, distinguishing mark, to prepare for painting, to prepare a pump to start
Yes, it can be used as a noun, meaning strong objection or complaint.
fil ˘  ok-s ˘ ^
ir-a
Answers will vary. (Encarta Dictionary lists 38).
EXERCISE 3–3
Pronouncing Unfamiliar Words 99
GOAL 
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Dividing Words into Syllables
Directions: Use slash marks (/) to divide each of the following words into
syllables.
1. polka 6. innovative 11. tangelo 16. tenacity
pol/ka in/no/va/tive tan/ge/lo te/nac/i/ty
2. pollute 7. obtuse 12. symmetry 17. mesmerize
pol/lute ob/tuse sym/me/try mes/mer/ize
3. ordinal 8. germicide 13. telepathy 18. intrusive
or/di/nal ger/mi/cide te/lep/a/thy in/tru/sive
4. hallow 9. futile 14. organic 19. infallible
hal/low fu/tile or/gan/ic in/fal/li/ble
5. judicature 10. extoll 15. hideous 20. fanaticism
ju/di/ca/ture ex/toll hid/e/ous fa/nat/i/cism
Using Word Mapping to Expand Your Vocabulary
Word mapping is a visual method of expanding your vocabulary. It involves
examining a word in detail by considering its meanings, synonyms (words
similar in meaning), antonyms (words opposite in meaning), part(s) of
speech, word parts, and usages. A word map is a form of word study. By the
time you have completed the map, you will find that you have learned the
word and are ready to use it in your speech and writing.
Use the following steps in completing a word map:
1. Write the sentence containing the word at the top of the map.
2. Look the word up in your dictionary. Figure out which meaning fits the
context of the sentence and write it in the box labeled “Meaning (as used
in context).”
3. In the “Part of speech” box, write in the word’s part(s) of speech as used
in context.
4. Study the dictionary entry to discover other meanings of the word. Write
them on the map in the box labeled “Other meanings.”
5. Find or think of two synonyms (words similar in meaning), and write
them in the “Synonyms” box. You might need a thesaurus for this.
6. Analyze the word’s parts and identify any prefixes, roots, or suffixes.
Write each word part and its meaning in the space provided.
7. At the bottom of the map write two sentences using the word.
EXERCISE 3–4
Using Word Mapping to Expand Your Vocabulary 101
GOAL 
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Dividing Words into Syllables
Directions: Use slash marks (/) to divide each of the following words into
syllables.
1. polka 6. innovative 11. tangelo 16. tenacity
pol/ka in/no/va/tive tan/ge/lo te/nac/i/ty
2. pollute 7. obtuse 12. symmetry 17. mesmerize
pol/lute ob/tuse sym/me/try mes/mer/ize
3. ordinal 8. germicide 13. telepathy 18. intrusive
or/di/nal ger/mi/cide te/lep/a/thy in/tru/sive
4. hallow 9. futile 14. organic 19. infallible
hal/low fu/tile or/gan/ic in/fal/li/ble
5. judicature 10. extoll 15. hideous 20. fanaticism
ju/di/ca/ture ex/toll hid/e/ous fa/nat/i/cism
Using Word Mapping to Expand Your Vocabulary
Word mapping is a visual method of expanding your vocabulary. It involves
examining a word in detail by considering its meanings, synonyms (words
similar in meaning), antonyms (words opposite in meaning), part(s) of
speech, word parts, and usages. A word map is a form of word study. By the
time you have completed the map, you will find that you have learned the
word and are ready to use it in your speech and writing.
Use the following steps in completing a word map:
1. Write the sentence containing the word at the top of the map.
2. Look the word up in your dictionary. Figure out which meaning fits the
context of the sentence and write it in the box labeled “Meaning (as used
in context).”
3. In the “Part of speech” box, write in the word’s part(s) of speech as used
in context.
4. Study the dictionary entry to discover other meanings of the word. Write
them on the map in the box labeled “Other meanings.”
5. Find or think of two synonyms (words similar in meaning), and write
them in the “Synonyms” box. You might need a thesaurus for this.
6. Analyze the word’s parts and identify any prefixes, roots, or suffixes.
Write each word part and its meaning in the space provided.
7. At the bottom of the map write two sentences using the word.
EXERCISE 3–4
Using Word Mapping to Expand Your Vocabulary 101
GOAL 
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At other times, rather than formally define a word, a writer may provide a
clue to its meaning.
EXAMPLE During the Christmas season, many people use decorative lights to illuminate
their homes.
Here the word lights is a clue to the meaning of illuminate, which means to
“light up.”
Sometimes a definition is only part of a sentence. In this kind of sentence,
a writer may use three kinds of punctuation (commas, dashes, or parentheses) to separate the definition from the rest of the sentence.
EXAMPLES My Aunt Martha often serves glog, a Swedish hot punch, at her holiday parties.
The judge’s candor—his sharp, open frankness—shocked the jury.
A leading cause of heart disease is a diet with too much cholesterol (a fatty
substance made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen).
Textbook writers often use definition clues. As you read your texts, look
for important words in boldfaced type or italics. These terms are usually
right before or after a definition. Based on what you have just learned, what
is the definition of context on page 103?
Using Definition Clues
Directions: Using the definition clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. After taking a course in genealogy, Xavier was able to create
a record of his family’s history dating back to the eighteenth
century.
a. the study of ancestry
b. creative writing
c. the study of plants
d. personal finance
2. Participants in a triathlon compete in long-distance swimming, bicycling, and running.
a. hiking trail c. large group
b. three-part race d. written test
b
a
EXERCISE 3–6
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At other times, rather than formally define a word, a writer may provide a
clue to its meaning.
EXAMPLE During the Christmas season, many people use decorative lights to illuminate
their homes.
Here the word lights is a clue to the meaning of illuminate, which means to
“light up.”
Sometimes a definition is only part of a sentence. In this kind of sentence,
a writer may use three kinds of punctuation (commas, dashes, or parentheses) to separate the definition from the rest of the sentence.
EXAMPLES My Aunt Martha often serves glog, a Swedish hot punch, at her holiday parties.
The judge’s candor—his sharp, open frankness—shocked the jury.
A leading cause of heart disease is a diet with too much cholesterol (a fatty
substance made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen).
Textbook writers often use definition clues. As you read your texts, look
for important words in boldfaced type or italics. These terms are usually
right before or after a definition. Based on what you have just learned, what
is the definition of context on page 103?
Using Definition Clues
Directions: Using the definition clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. After taking a course in genealogy, Xavier was able to create
a record of his family’s history dating back to the eighteenth
century.
a. the study of ancestry
b. creative writing
c. the study of plants
d. personal finance
2. Participants in a triathlon compete in long-distance swimming, bicycling, and running.
a. hiking trail c. large group
b. three-part race d. written test
b
a
EXERCISE 3–6
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 3
3. Louie’s dossier is a record of his credentials, including college
transcripts and letters of recommendation.
a. briefcase or valise
b. checking account statement
c. diploma
d. collection of materials
4. Audition, the process of hearing, begins when a sound wave
reaches the outer ear.
a. loud sound c. deafness
b. sense of hearing d. the inner ear
5. A person who becomes an entrepreneur must be willing to
take on both the risks and opportunities of his or her new
business.
a. business owner c. employee
b. stockbroker d. designer
Synonym Clues
At other times, rather than formally define a word, a writer may provide a
synonym—a word or brief phrase that is close in meaning. The synonym may
appear in the same sentence as the unknown word.
EXAMPLE The main character in the novel was an amalgam, or combination, of several
people the author met during the war.
Other times, it may appear anywhere in the passage, in an earlier or later
sentence.
EXAMPLE Isabella took a break from teaching in order to serve in the Peace Corps. Despite
the hiatus, Isabella’s school was delighted to rehire her when she returned.
Using Synonym Clues
Directions: Using the synonym clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The noise in the nursery school was incessant; the crying,
yelling, and laughing never stopped.
a. careless c. bold
b. harmful d. continuous
d
EXERCISE 3–7
a
b
d
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3. Louie’s dossier is a record of his credentials, including college
transcripts and letters of recommendation.
a. briefcase or valise
b. checking account statement
c. diploma
d. collection of materials
4. Audition, the process of hearing, begins when a sound wave
reaches the outer ear.
a. loud sound c. deafness
b. sense of hearing d. the inner ear
5. A person who becomes an entrepreneur must be willing to
take on both the risks and opportunities of his or her new
business.
a. business owner c. employee
b. stockbroker d. designer
Synonym Clues
At other times, rather than formally define a word, a writer may provide a
synonym—a word or brief phrase that is close in meaning. The synonym may
appear in the same sentence as the unknown word.
EXAMPLE The main character in the novel was an amalgam, or combination, of several
people the author met during the war.
Other times, it may appear anywhere in the passage, in an earlier or later
sentence.
EXAMPLE Isabella took a break from teaching in order to serve in the Peace Corps. Despite
the hiatus, Isabella’s school was delighted to rehire her when she returned.
Using Synonym Clues
Directions: Using the synonym clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The noise in the nursery school was incessant; the crying,
yelling, and laughing never stopped.
a. careless c. bold
b. harmful d. continuous
d
EXERCISE 3–7
a
b
d
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3. Louie’s dossier is a record of his credentials, including college
transcripts and letters of recommendation.
a. briefcase or valise
b. checking account statement
c. diploma
d. collection of materials
4. Audition, the process of hearing, begins when a sound wave
reaches the outer ear.
a. loud sound c. deafness
b. sense of hearing d. the inner ear
5. A person who becomes an entrepreneur must be willing to
take on both the risks and opportunities of his or her new
business.
a. business owner c. employee
b. stockbroker d. designer
Synonym Clues
At other times, rather than formally define a word, a writer may provide a
synonym—a word or brief phrase that is close in meaning. The synonym may
appear in the same sentence as the unknown word.
EXAMPLE The main character in the novel was an amalgam, or combination, of several
people the author met during the war.
Other times, it may appear anywhere in the passage, in an earlier or later
sentence.
EXAMPLE Isabella took a break from teaching in order to serve in the Peace Corps. Despite
the hiatus, Isabella’s school was delighted to rehire her when she returned.
Using Synonym Clues
Directions: Using the synonym clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The noise in the nursery school was incessant; the crying,
yelling, and laughing never stopped.
a. careless c. bold
b. harmful d. continuous
d
EXERCISE 3–7
a
b
d
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2. There was a consensus—or unified opinion—among the students that the exam was difficult.
a. requirement c. disagreement
b. consequence d. agreement
3. The family’s decision to donate their land to the park system
was altruistic; they were unselfish in their desire to do what
was best for the community.
a. shrewd c. selfless
b. thoughtless d. greedy
4. After each course heading there was a synopsis, or summary,
of the content and requirements for the course.
a. correction c. illustration
b. brief description d. continuation
5. When preparing job application letters, Serena develops one
standard letter or prototype. Then she changes that letter to
fit the specific jobs she is applying for.
a. variation c. detail
b. model d. introduction
6. The mayor worried that the town council was trying to usurp
her power, but how could she prevent the council members
from taking over?
a. support c. improve
b. take away d. allow
7. Joe was hesitant about asking Katy for a date because he was
unsure if she liked him.
a. definite c. casual
b. uncertain d. heroic
8. The old man avoided his family; in fact, he eschewed the
company of anyone who knew about his past.
a. sought out c. shunned
b. enjoyed d. welcomed
9. Rico approves of the new drunk driving laws, but he does
not endorse taking away drunk drivers’ cars.
a. stop c. start
b. regret d. support
d
c
b
b
b
b
c
d
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2. There was a consensus—or unified opinion—among the students that the exam was difficult.
a. requirement c. disagreement
b. consequence d. agreement
3. The family’s decision to donate their land to the park system
was altruistic; they were unselfish in their desire to do what
was best for the community.
a. shrewd c. selfless
b. thoughtless d. greedy
4. After each course heading there was a synopsis, or summary,
of the content and requirements for the course.
a. correction c. illustration
b. brief description d. continuation
5. When preparing job application letters, Serena develops one
standard letter or prototype. Then she changes that letter to
fit the specific jobs she is applying for.
a. variation c. detail
b. model d. introduction
6. The mayor worried that the town council was trying to usurp
her power, but how could she prevent the council members
from taking over?
a. support c. improve
b. take away d. allow
unsure if she liked him.
a. definite c. casual
b. uncertain d. heroic
8. The old man avoided his family; in fact, he eschewed the
company of anyone who knew about his past.
a. sought out c. shunned
b. enjoyed d. welcomed
9. Rico approves of the new drunk driving laws, but he does
not endorse taking away drunk drivers’ cars.
a. stop c. start
b. regret d. support
d
c
7. Joe was hesitant about asking Katy for a date because he was b
b
b
b
c
d
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 4
2. There was a consensus—or unified opinion—among the students that the exam was difficult.
a. requirement c. disagreement
b. consequence d. agreement
3. The family’s decision to donate their land to the park system
was altruistic; they were unselfish in their desire to do what
was best for the community.
a. shrewd c. selfless
b. thoughtless d. greedy
4. After each course heading there was a synopsis, or summary,
of the content and requirements for the course.
a. correction c. illustration
b. brief description d. continuation
5. When preparing job application letters, Serena develops one
standard letter or prototype. Then she changes that letter to
fit the specific jobs she is applying for.
a. variation c. detail
b. model d. introduction
6. The mayor worried that the town council was trying to usurp
her power, but how could she prevent the council members
from taking over?
a. support c. improve
b. take away d. allow
7. Joe was hesitant about asking Katy for a date because he was
unsure if she liked him.
a. definite c. casual
b. uncertain d. heroic
8. The old man avoided his family; in fact, he eschewed the
company of anyone who knew about his past.
a. sought out c. shunned
b. enjoyed d. welcomed
9. Rico approves of the new drunk driving laws, but he does
not endorse taking away drunk drivers’ cars.
a. stop c. start
b. regret d. support
d
c
b
b
b
b
c
d
106 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
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10. The teenager died from drinking a lethal amount of alcohol
during a party.
a. harmless c. deadly
b. moderate d. excessive
Example Clues
Writers, especially textbook writers, often include examples to help explain
or clarify a word. Suppose you do not know the meaning of the word toxic,
and you find it used in a science text:
EXAMPLE Toxic materials, such as arsenic, asbestos, pesticides, and lead, can cause
bodily damage.
This sentence gives four examples of toxic materials, all of which are poisonous substances. You could conclude, then, that toxic means “poisonous.”
When writers put examples in a sentence, they often introduce them with the
words like, such as, for example, or including.
EXAMPLES In the past month, we have had almost every type of precipitation, including
rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
Newsmagazines, like Time or Newsweek, are more detailed than newspapers.
Lena doesn’t mind planting her favorite annuals—marigolds and zinnias—even
though she has to do it every year.
By using the example clues, can you figure out that precipitation means “the
forms in which water returns to earth” and that newsmagazines are “magazines that give in-depth coverage of news events”? Can you also tell that
annuals are “plants that can’t survive the winter”?
Using Example Clues
Directions: Using the example clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. Many pharmaceuticals, including morphine and penicillin,
are not readily available in some countries.
a. aspirin tablets
b. pharmacists
c. drugs
d. substances
c
EXERCISE 3–8
c
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10. The teenager died from drinking a lethal amount of alcohol
during a party.
a. harmless c. deadly
b. moderate d. excessive
Example Clues
Writers, especially textbook writers, often include examples to help explain
or clarify a word. Suppose you do not know the meaning of the word toxic,
and you find it used in a science text:
EXAMPLE Toxic materials, such as arsenic, asbestos, pesticides, and lead, can cause
bodily damage.
This sentence gives four examples of toxic materials, all of which are poisonous substances. You could conclude, then, that toxic means “poisonous.”
When writers put examples in a sentence, they often introduce them with the
words like, such as, for example, or including.
EXAMPLES In the past month, we have had almost every type of precipitation, including
rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
Newsmagazines, like Time or Newsweek, are more detailed than newspapers.
Lena doesn’t mind planting her favorite annuals—marigolds and zinnias—even
though she has to do it every year.
By using the example clues, can you figure out that precipitation means “the
forms in which water returns to earth” and that newsmagazines are “magazines that give in-depth coverage of news events”? Can you also tell that
annuals are “plants that can’t survive the winter”?
Using Example Clues
Directions: Using the example clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. Many pharmaceuticals, including morphine and penicillin,
are not readily available in some countries.
a. aspirin tablets
b. pharmacists
c. drugs
d. substances
c
EXERCISE 3–8
c
Using Context to Figure Out Word Meanings 107
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2. Diego’s child was reticent in every respect; she would not speak,
refused to answer questions, and avoided looking at anyone.
a. reserved c. undisciplined
b. noisy d. rigorous
3. Most condiments, such as pepper, mustard, and catsup, are
used to improve the flavor of foods.
a. ingredients c. sauces
b. seasonings d. appetizers
4. Dogs, cats, parakeets, and other sociable pets can provide
senior citizens with companionship.
a. weak c. dangerous
b. friendly d. unattractive
5. Paul’s grandmother is a sagacious businesswoman; once she
turned a small ice cream shop into a popular restaurant and
sold it for a huge profit.
a. old fashioned c. dishonest
b. shrewd d. foolish
6. Rosie’s dog was submissive—crouching, flattening its ears,
and avoiding eye contact.
a. friendly and excitable c. aggressive
b. yielding to the control d. active
of another
7. Many things about the library make it conducive to study,
including good lighting and many reference books.
a. unattractive c. helpful
b. uncomfortable d. sociable
8. Clothing is available in a variety of fabrics, including cotton,
wool, polyester, and linen.
a. types of leather c. materials
b. styles d. fashions
9. The raccoons were a menace to our backyard. They ate all of
our tomato plants and dug holes in the grass.
a. help c. threat
b. barrier d. force
c
c
c
b
b
b
b
a
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10. The teenager died from drinking a lethal amount of alcohol
during a party.
a. harmless c. deadly
b. moderate d. excessive
Example Clues
Writers, especially textbook writers, often include examples to help explain
or clarify a word. Suppose you do not know the meaning of the word toxic,
and you find it used in a science text:
EXAMPLE Toxic materials, such as arsenic, asbestos, pesticides, and lead, can cause
bodily damage.
This sentence gives four examples of toxic materials, all of which are poisonous substances. You could conclude, then, that toxic means “poisonous.”
When writers put examples in a sentence, they often introduce them with the
words like, such as, for example, or including.
EXAMPLES In the past month, we have had almost every type of precipitation, including
rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
Newsmagazines, like Time or Newsweek, are more detailed than newspapers.
Lena doesn’t mind planting her favorite annuals—marigolds and zinnias—even
though she has to do it every year.
By using the example clues, can you figure out that precipitation means “the
forms in which water returns to earth” and that newsmagazines are “magazines that give in-depth coverage of news events”? Can you also tell that
annuals are “plants that can’t survive the winter”?
Using Example Clues
Directions: Using the example clues in each sentence, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. Many pharmaceuticals, including morphine and penicillin,
are not readily available in some countries.
a. aspirin tablets
b. pharmacists
c. drugs
d. substances
c
EXERCISE 3–8
c
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 5
2. Diego’s child was reticent in every respect; she would not speak,
refused to answer questions, and avoided looking at anyone.
a. reserved c. undisciplined
b. noisy d. rigorous
3. Most condiments, such as pepper, mustard, and catsup, are
used to improve the flavor of foods.
a. ingredients c. sauces
b. seasonings d. appetizers
4. Dogs, cats, parakeets, and other sociable pets can provide
senior citizens with companionship.
a. weak c. dangerous
b. friendly d. unattractive
5. Paul’s grandmother is a sagacious businesswoman; once she
turned a small ice cream shop into a popular restaurant and
sold it for a huge profit.
a. old fashioned c. dishonest
b. shrewd d. foolish
6. Rosie’s dog was submissive—crouching, flattening its ears,
and avoiding eye contact.
a. friendly and excitable c. aggressive
b. yielding to the control d. active
of another
7. Many things about the library make it conducive to study,
including good lighting and many reference books.
a. unattractive c. helpful
b. uncomfortable d. sociable
8. Clothing is available in a variety of fabrics, including cotton,
wool, polyester, and linen.
a. types of leather c. materials
b. styles d. fashions
9. The raccoons were a menace to our backyard. They ate all of
our tomato plants and dug holes in the grass.
a. help c. threat
b. barrier d. force
c
c
c
b
b
b
b
a
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10. Murder, rape, and armed robbery are reprehensible crimes.
a. reasonable c. very bad
b. unusual d. rural
Contrast Clues
Sometimes you can determine the meaning of an unknown word from an
antonym—a word or phrase that has an opposite meaning. Notice how the
antonym resisted in the following sentence provides a clue to the meaning of
the boldfaced term:
EXAMPLE One of the dinner guests succumbed to the temptation to have a second piece
of cake, but the others resisted.
Since the others resisted a second dessert, you can tell that one guest gave in
and had a piece. Thus, succumbed means the opposite of resist; that is, “to
give in to.” When writers use contrasting words or phrases, they often introduce them with words such as but, though, and whereas.
EXAMPLES The professor advocates testing on animals, but many of her students are
opposed to it.
Though Sofia felt sad and depressed, most of the graduates were elated.
My Uncle Saul is quite portly, whereas his wife is very thin.
Can you tell from the contrast clues that advocates means “favors,” elated
means “happy,” and portly means “heavy”?
Using Contrast Clues
Directions: Using the contrast clues or antonyms in each sentence, write the
letter of the choice that best defines each boldfaced word or phrase.
1. Freshmen are often naive about college at first, but by their
second semester they are usually quite sophisticated in the
ways of their new school.
a. innocent c. annoyed
b. sociable d. elated
2. Although most members of the class agreed with the
instructor’s evaluation of the film, several strongly objected.
a. agreed c. obliterated
b. debated d. disagreed
d
a
EXERCISE 3–9
c
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Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
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10. Murder, rape, and armed robbery are reprehensible crimes.
a. reasonable c. very bad
b. unusual d. rural
Contrast Clues
Sometimes you can determine the meaning of an unknown word from an
antonym—a word or phrase that has an opposite meaning. Notice how the
antonym resisted in the following sentence provides a clue to the meaning of
the boldfaced term:
EXAMPLE One of the dinner guests succumbed to the temptation to have a second piece
of cake, but the others resisted.
Since the others resisted a second dessert, you can tell that one guest gave in
and had a piece. Thus, succumbed means the opposite of resist; that is, “to
give in to.” When writers use contrasting words or phrases, they often introduce them with words such as but, though, and whereas.
EXAMPLES The professor advocates testing on animals, but many of her students are
opposed to it.
Though Sofia felt sad and depressed, most of the graduates were elated.
My Uncle Saul is quite portly, whereas his wife is very thin.
Can you tell from the contrast clues that advocates means “favors,” elated
means “happy,” and portly means “heavy”?
Using Contrast Clues
Directions: Using the contrast clues or antonyms in each sentence, write the
letter of the choice that best defines each boldfaced word or phrase.
1. Freshmen are often naive about college at first, but by their
second semester they are usually quite sophisticated in the
ways of their new school.
a. innocent c. annoyed
b. sociable d. elated
2. Although most members of the class agreed with the
instructor’s evaluation of the film, several strongly objected.
a. agreed c. obliterated
b. debated d. disagreed
d
a
EXERCISE 3–9
c
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10. Murder, rape, and armed robbery are reprehensible crimes.
a. reasonable c. very bad
b. unusual d. rural
Contrast Clues
Sometimes you can determine the meaning of an unknown word from an
antonym—a word or phrase that has an opposite meaning. Notice how the
antonym resisted in the following sentence provides a clue to the meaning of
the boldfaced term:
EXAMPLE One of the dinner guests succumbed to the temptation to have a second piece
of cake, but the others resisted.
Since the others resisted a second dessert, you can tell that one guest gave in
and had a piece. Thus, succumbed means the opposite of resist; that is, “to
give in to.” When writers use contrasting words or phrases, they often introduce them with words such as but, though, and whereas.
EXAMPLES The professor advocates testing on animals, but many of her students are
opposed to it.
Though Sofia felt sad and depressed, most of the graduates were elated.
My Uncle Saul is quite portly, whereas his wife is very thin.
Can you tell from the contrast clues that advocates means “favors,” elated
means “happy,” and portly means “heavy”?
Using Contrast Clues
Directions: Using the contrast clues or antonyms in each sentence, write the
letter of the choice that best defines each boldfaced word or phrase.
1. Freshmen are often naive about college at first, but by their
second semester they are usually quite sophisticated in the
ways of their new school.
a. innocent c. annoyed
b. sociable d. elated
2. Although most members of the class agreed with the
instructor’s evaluation of the film, several strongly objected.
a. agreed c. obliterated
b. debated d. disagreed
d
a
EXERCISE 3–9
c
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3. Little Lola hid shyly behind her mother when she met new
people, yet her brother Matthew was very gregarious.
a. insulting c. concerned
b. sociable d. embarrassed
4. The child remained demure while the teacher scolded but
became violently angry afterward.
a. quiet and reserved c. cowardly
b. boisterous d. upset and distraught
5. Some city dwellers are affluent; others live in or near poverty.
a. poor c. wealthy
b. arrogant
if you are dubious, call to make sure.
a. confused c. sure
b. doubtful d. energetic
7. The speaker denounced certain legal changes while praising
other reforms.
a. laughed at c. spoke out against
b. cherished d. denied
8. The woman’s parents thwarted her marriage plans though
they liked her fiancé.
a. prevented c. idolized
b. encouraged d. organized
9. Extroverted people tend to be outgoing and talkative, while
introverted people are more reticent.
a. reserved c. overbearing
b. showy d. helpless
10. Unlike other male-dominated species, Indian elephants live in
a matriarchal society.
a. aggressive c. led by females
b. nonthreatening d. passive
Inference Clues
When you read, you often figure out the meaning of an unknown word
through inference—a process that uses logic and reasoning skills. For
instance, look at the following sentence:
c
a
a
c
d. agreeable
6. I am certain that the hotel will hold our reservation; however, b
c
a
b
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 6
3. Little Lola hid shyly behind her mother when she met new
people, yet her brother Matthew was very gregarious.
a. insulting c. concerned
b. sociable d. embarrassed
4. The child remained demure while the teacher scolded but
became violently angry afterward.
a. quiet and reserved c. cowardly
b. boisterous d. upset and distraught
5. Some city dwellers are affluent; others live in or near poverty.
a. poor c. wealthy
b. arrogant d. agreeable
6. I am certain that the hotel will hold our reservation; however,
if you are dubious, call to make sure.
a. confused c. sure
b. doubtful d. energetic
7. The speaker denounced certain legal changes while praising
other reforms.
a. laughed at c. spoke out against
b. cherished d. denied
8. The woman’s parents thwarted her marriage plans though
they liked her fiancé.
a. prevented c. idolized
b. encouraged d. organized
9. Extroverted people tend to be outgoing and talkative, while
introverted people are more reticent.
a. reserved c. overbearing
b. showy d. helpless
10. Unlike other male-dominated species, Indian elephants live in
a matriarchal society.
a. aggressive c. led by females
b. nonthreatening d. passive
Inference Clues
When you read, you often figure out the meaning of an unknown word
through inference—a process that uses logic and reasoning skills. For
instance, look at the following sentence:
c
a
a
c
b
c
a
b
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EXAMPLE Bob is quite versatile: he is a good student, a top athlete, an excellent car
mechanic, and a gourmet cook.
Since Bob is successful at many different types of activities, you could infer
that versatile means “capable of doing many things well.”
EXAMPLES When my friend tried to pay with Mexican pesos, the clerk explained that the
store accepted only U.S. dollars.
On hot, humid summer afternoons, I often feel languid.
The vase must have been jostled in shipment because it arrived with several
chips in it.
By using logic and your reasoning skills, can you figure out that pesos are a
kind of “Mexican money”? Can you also tell that languid means “lacking
energy” and jostled means “bumped”?
Using Inference Clues
Directions: Using logic and your own reasoning skills, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. To compel Clare to hand over her wallet, the mugger said he
had a gun.
a. discourage c. force
b. entice d. imagine
2. Student journalists are taught how to be concise when writing
in a limited space.
a. peaceful c. proper
b. clear and brief d. wordy
3. There should be more drastic penalties to stop people from
littering.
a. dirty c. extreme
b. suitable d. dangerous
4. To fortify his diet while weightlifting, Monty took 12 vitamins a day.
a. suggest c. avoid
b. strengthen d. approve of
b
c
b
c
EXERCISE 3–10
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EXAMPLE Bob is quite versatile: he is a good student, a top athlete, an excellent car
mechanic, and a gourmet cook.
Since Bob is successful at many different types of activities, you could infer
that versatile means “capable of doing many things well.”
EXAMPLES When my friend tried to pay with Mexican pesos, the clerk explained that the
store accepted only U.S. dollars.
On hot, humid summer afternoons, I often feel languid.
The vase must have been jostled in shipment because it arrived with several
chips in it.
By using logic and your reasoning skills, can you figure out that pesos are a
kind of “Mexican money”? Can you also tell that languid means “lacking
energy” and jostled means “bumped”?
Using Inference Clues
Directions: Using logic and your own reasoning skills, write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. To compel Clare to hand over her wallet, the mugger said he
had a gun.
a. discourage c. force
b. entice d. imagine
2. Student journalists are taught how to be concise when writing
in a limited space.
a. peaceful c. proper
b. clear and brief d. wordy
3. There should be more drastic penalties to stop people from
littering.
a. dirty c. extreme
b. suitable d. dangerous
4. To fortify his diet while weightlifting, Monty took 12 vitamins a day.
a. suggest c. avoid
b. strengthen d. approve of
b
c
b
c
EXERCISE 3–10
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 7
5. On our wedding anniversary, my husband and I reminisced
about how we first met.
a. sang c. argued
b. remembered d. forgot
6. For their own safety, household pets should be confined to
their own yards.
a. led c. shown
b. restricted d. used
7. The quarterback sustained numerous injuries: a fractured
wrist, two broken ribs, and a hip injury.
a. caused c. displayed
b. experienced d. noticed
8. Sam’s brother advised him to be wary of strangers he meets
on the street.
a. suspicious c. congenial with
b. trusting d. generous toward
9. The lawyer tried to confuse the jury by bringing in many
facts that weren’t pertinent to the case.
a. obvious c. relevant
b. continuous d. harmful
10. We keep candles in the house to avert being left in the dark
during power failures.
a. prevent c. accommodate
b. ensure d. begin
Using Context Clues
Directions: Write the letter of the choice that best defines each boldfaced
word from the passage below.
COLLEGE FOOTBALL AS SOCIAL STRUCTURE
To gain a better idea of what social structure is, think of college football.
You probably know the various positions on the team: center, guards, tackles,
ends, quarterback, running backs, and the like. Each is a status; that is, each is
EXERCISE 3–11
a
c
a
b
b
b
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5. On our wedding anniversary, my husband and I reminisced
about how we first met.
a. sang c. argued
b. remembered d. forgot
6. For their own safety, household pets should be confined to
their own yards.
a. led c. shown
b. restricted d. used
7. The quarterback sustained numerous injuries: a fractured
wrist, two broken ribs, and a hip injury.
a. caused c. displayed
b. experienced d. noticed
8. Sam’s brother advised him to be wary of strangers he meets
on the street.
a. suspicious c. congenial with
b. trusting d. generous toward
9. The lawyer tried to confuse the jury by bringing in many
facts that weren’t pertinent to the case.
a. obvious c. relevant
b. continuous d. harmful
10. We keep candles in the house to avert being left in the dark
during power failures.
a. prevent c. accommodate
b. ensure d. begin
Using Context Clues
Directions: Write the letter of the choice that best defines each boldfaced
word from the passage below.
COLLEGE FOOTBALL AS SOCIAL STRUCTURE
To gain a better idea of what social structure is, think of college football.
You probably know the various positions on the team: center, guards, tackles,
ends, quarterback, running backs, and the like. Each is a status; that is, each is
EXERCISE 3–11
a
c
a
b
b
b
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a social position. For each of the statuses, there is a role; that is, each of these
positions has certain expectations attached to it. The center is expected to
snap the ball, the quarterback to pass it, the guards to block, the tackles to
tackle or block, the ends to receive passes, and so on. Those role expectations
guide each player’s actions; that is, the players try to do what their particular
role requires.
Let’s suppose that football is your favorite sport and you never miss a home game
at your college. Let’s also suppose that you graduate, get a great job, and move
across the country. Five years later, you return to your campus for a nostalgic visit.
The climax of your visit is the biggest football game of the season. When you get
to the game, you might be surprised to see a different coach, but you are not surprised that each playing position is occupied by people you don’t know, for all the
players you knew have graduated, and their places have been filled by others.
This scenario mirrors social structure, the framework around which a
group exists. In football, that framework consists of the coaching staff and
the eleven playing positions. The game does not depend on any particular
individual, but, rather, on social statuses, the positions that the individuals
occupy. When someone leaves a position, the game can go on because
someone else takes over that position or status and plays the role. The game
will continue even though not a single individual remains from one period of
time to the next. Notre Dame’s football team endures today even though
Knute Rockne, the Gipper, and his teammates are long dead.
—Dobriner, Social Structures and Systems, pp. 116–120.
1. status
a. social position
b. set of expectations
c. differences among groups
d. rules a group follows
2. climax
a. purpose
b. highlight
c. result
d. first day
3. scenario
a. game
b. location
c. situation
d. rule
c
b
a
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 8
4. occupy
a. want c. apply for
b. hold d. achieve
5. endures
a. lasts c. is popular
b. wins d. plays
a
b
114 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
Preparing for College Textbook Reading
Locating Word Meanings in Textbooks
Because textbooks are written by professors, they often contain words that
may be difficult or unfamiliar. However, to understand the paragraph in
which they are used, you need to figure out their meanings.
Using Textbook Features
Textbooks offer the following features to help you figure out and learn the
unfamiliar words they contain.
1. Context clues. Because textbook authors know much of the terminology
they use is unfamiliar, they often provide obvious context clues. Definition,
synonym, and example clues are the most common.
Actus reus or “guilty deed” occurs when an individual (whether as a
principal, accessory, or accomplice) engages in a behavior prohibited
by the criminal law. This can involve either doing something wrong
(commission) or failing to do something that is legally obligated
(omission).
—Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 135.
synonym
When a case is scheduled to be heard, the attorneys file written arguments,
as well as briefs on behalf of other parties that are called amicus curiae
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4. occupy
a. want c. apply for
b. hold d. achieve
5. endures
a. lasts c. is popular
b. wins d. plays
a
b
114 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
Preparing for College Textbook Reading
Locating Word Meanings in Textbooks
Because textbooks are written by professors, they often contain words that
may be difficult or unfamiliar. However, to understand the paragraph in
which they are used, you need to figure out their meanings.
Using Textbook Features
Textbooks offer the following features to help you figure out and learn the
unfamiliar words they contain.
1. Context clues. Because textbook authors know much of the terminology
they use is unfamiliar, they often provide obvious context clues. Definition,
synonym, and example clues are the most common.
Actus reus or “guilty deed” occurs when an individual (whether as a
principal, accessory, or accomplice) engages in a behavior prohibited
by the criminal law. This can involve either doing something wrong
(commission) or failing to do something that is legally obligated
(omission).
—Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 135.
synonym
When a case is scheduled to be heard, the attorneys file written arguments,
as well as briefs on behalf of other parties that are called amicus curiae
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(“friend of the court”) briefs. For instance, an organization such as the
American Civil Liberties Union or Amnesty International may file an
amicus curiae brief in a case involving the death penalty for someone
who is mentally retarded.
— Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 280.
2. Marginal definitions. Many textbooks include the meaning of unfamiliar
terms in the margin next to where the word is first used.
The English Magna Carta, a major document that contributed to U.S.
law, limited the king’s power and provided for the rights of citizens. King
John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede, England, on June 15,
1215, conceding a number of legal rights to the barons and the people.
To finance his foreign wars, King John had taxed abusively. His barons
threatened rebellion and coerced the king into committing to rudimentary judicial guarantees, such as freedom of the church, fair taxation,
controls over imprisonment (habeas corpus), and the rights of all merchants to come and go freely, except in times of war.
—Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 120.
Highlight these definitions as you read. Be sure to check them again as
you review and study for exams. If there is a lot of terminology to learn,
use the index card system described on p. 151.
Further Practice with Textbook Reading
Part A: Reading Selection 1
The following words appear in Selection 1, “Buzz Marketing” (pp. 388–
391), in the “Readings for College” section of this book. For each word, use
context or a dictionary to write a definition of the word as it is used in the
excerpt.
a. expenditures (para. 1)
b. emerging (para. 4)
c. advocacy (para. 5)
d. contemporary (para. 6)
e. posing (para. 7) pretending to be
modern
giving support to a cause
starting to appear
money spent
Preparing for College Textbook Reading 115
Magna Carta
“Great Charter”;
a guarantee of
liberties signed
by King John of
England in 1215.
habeas corpus
A writ issued to
bring a party
before the court.
synonym
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(“friend of the court”) briefs. For instance, an organization such as the
American Civil Liberties Union or Amnesty International may file an
amicus curiae brief in a case involving the death penalty for someone
who is mentally retarded.
— Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 280.
2. Marginal definitions. Many textbooks include the meaning of unfamiliar
terms in the margin next to where the word is first used.
The English Magna Carta, a major document that contributed to U.S.
law, limited the king’s power and provided for the rights of citizens. King
John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede, England, on June 15,
1215, conceding a number of legal rights to the barons and the people.
To finance his foreign wars, King John had taxed abusively. His barons
threatened rebellion and coerced the king into committing to rudimentary judicial guarantees, such as freedom of the church, fair taxation,
controls over imprisonment (habeas corpus), and the rights of all merchants to come and go freely, except in times of war.
—Fuller, Criminal Justice, p. 120.
Highlight these definitions as you read. Be sure to check them again as
you review and study for exams. If there is a lot of terminology to learn,
use the index card system described on p. 151.
Further Practice with Textbook Reading
Part A: Reading Selection 1
The following words appear in Selection 1, “Buzz Marketing” (pp. 388–
391), in the “Readings for College” section of this book. For each word, use
context or a dictionary to write a definition of the word as it is used in the
excerpt.
a. expenditures (para. 1)
b. emerging (para. 4)
c. advocacy (para. 5)
d. contemporary (para. 6)
e. posing (para. 7) pretending to be
modern
giving support to a cause
starting to appear
money spent
Preparing for College Textbook Reading 115
Magna Carta
“Great Charter”;
a guarantee of
liberties signed
by King John of
England in 1215.
habeas corpus
A writ issued to
bring a party
before the court.
synonym
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116 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter, select the word or
phrase from the box below that best completes each of the following sentences. Keep in mind that not all of the words will be used.
Part B: Your College Textbook
Choose a textbook chapter that you have been assigned to read for one of
your other courses. Identify ten previously unknown words that you are
able to determine the meaning of using the textbook’s aids, context clues, or
a dictionary.
1. Most words have more than meaning.
2. To find the meaning of a word as it is used in a particular sentence, it
is helpful to determine its .
3. In a dictionary, the pronunciation of a word is given in
following the word.
4. are hints or tips that help you figure out a word you
don’t know.
5. A has the same meaning as another word, whereas
an antonym has an opposite meaning.
6. When you figure out the meaning of a word by using logic and your
reasoning skills, you are using .
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A appear in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by matching each word in column A with its meaning in
column B.
inference
synonym
Context clues
parentheses
part of speech
one
antonym inference part of speech
context clues one synonym
examples parentheses word group
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116 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter, select the word or
phrase from the box below that best completes each of the following sentences. Keep in mind that not all of the words will be used.
Part B: Your College Textbook
Choose a textbook chapter that you have been assigned to read for one of
your other courses. Identify ten previously unknown words that you are
able to determine the meaning of using the textbook’s aids, context clues, or
a dictionary.
1. Most words have more than meaning.
2. To find the meaning of a word as it is used in a particular sentence, it
is helpful to determine its .
3. In a dictionary, the pronunciation of a word is given in
following the word.
4. are hints or tips that help you figure out a word you
don’t know.
5. A has the same meaning as another word, whereas
an antonym has an opposite meaning.
6. When you figure out the meaning of a word by using logic and your
reasoning skills, you are using .
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A appear in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by matching each word in column A with its meaning in
column B.
inference
synonym
Context clues
parentheses
part of speech
one
antonym inference part of speech
context clues one synonym
examples parentheses word group
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 9
116 CHAPTER 3 – Building Your Vocabulary
Chapter Review
Testing Your Learning
Directions: To test your understanding of the chapter, select the word or
phrase from the box below that best completes each of the following sentences. Keep in mind that not all of the words will be used.
Part B: Your College Textbook
Choose a textbook chapter that you have been assigned to read for one of
your other courses. Identify ten previously unknown words that you are
able to determine the meaning of using the textbook’s aids, context clues, or
a dictionary.
1. Most words have more than meaning.
2. To find the meaning of a word as it is used in a particular sentence, it
is helpful to determine its .
3. In a dictionary, the pronunciation of a word is given in
following the word.
4. are hints or tips that help you figure out a word you
don’t know.
5. A has the same meaning as another word, whereas
an antonym has an opposite meaning.
6. When you figure out the meaning of a word by using logic and your
reasoning skills, you are using .
Testing Your Vocabulary
Directions: The words in column A appear in this chapter. Test your mastery of these words by matching each word in column A with its meaning in
column B.
inference
synonym
Context clues
parentheses
part of speech
one
antonym inference part of speech
context clues one synonym
examples parentheses word group
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 116
Column A Column B
1. restrictive meanings a. information about a word’s
(p. 96) history
2. idiom (p. 96) b. a distinct speech sound
3. etymology (p. 96) c. meanings that apply to a specific
field of study
4. context (p. 96) d. an expression that has a meaning
other than what the common
definitions of the words in the
phrase mean.
5. syllable (p. 100) e. the words surrounding an
unknown word
6. word map (p. 101) f. a visual means of analyzing a
word in detail
f
b
e
a
d
c
Chapter Review 117
What types of dictionaries
should I use? (p. 93)
What types of information do
dictionaries contain? (p. 95)
How do you pronounce unfamiliar
words? (p. 99)
What is word mapping? (p. 101)
What is context? What types of
context clues help you unlock word
meanings? (p. 103)
GOAL 
GOAL 
GOAL
GOAL 
QUESTION
GOAL
ANSWER
Use a collegiate (desk), pocket, and/or online dictionary.
Use print and online dictionaries to find word meanings,
pronunciation, grammatical information, synonyms, word
history, usage notes, and explanations of idioms.
Use rules of dividing words into syllables.
Word mapping is a visual method of word study in which
definitions, parts of speech, word parts, and usages are recorded.
Context is the words surrounding an unfamiliar word that often
provide clues to its meaning. Context clues include definition,
synonym, example, contrast, and inference.
Testing Your Mastery of Learning Goals


MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:28 PM Page 117
the choice that best
is
in a theater is
in physics is
Dictionary Skills
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of
completes each of the following statements. Use your dictionary.
1. A restrictive meaning for the word level
a. a bit, element, or channel of information.
b. a table or other flat surface.
c. a computer input area.
d. an unusual law that is difficult to enforce.
2. The restrictive meaning for the word house
a. floor.
b. stage.
c. pit.
d. audience.
3. The restrictive meaning of the word force
a. the distance from one point to another.
b. an analytical measurement of speed.
c. a vector quantity that tends to produce acceleration.
d. the outcome of a vector analysis.
4. The abbreviation FCC stands for
a. Federal Commission on Currency.
b. Federal Communications Commission.
c. Federal College Consultancy.
d. Federal Carolina Commission.
5. The abbreviation NRA stands for
a. National Rifle Association.
b. National Regional Activists.
c. North Regional Association.
d. North Referral Association.
a
b
c
d
a
118 Practice Test 3-1
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-1
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Dictionary Skills
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that best
completes each of the following statements. Use your dictionary.
1. A restrictive meaning for the word level is
a. a bit, element, or channel of information.
b. a table or other flat surface.
c. a computer input area.
d. an unusual law that is difficult to enforce.
2. The restrictive meaning for the word house in a theater is
a. floor.
b. stage.
c. pit.
d. audience.
3. The restrictive meaning of the word force in physics is
a. the distance from one point to another.
b. an analytical measurement of speed.
c. a vector quantity that tends to produce acceleration.
d. the outcome of a vector analysis.
4. The abbreviation FCC stands for
a. Federal Commission on Currency.
b. Federal Communications Commission.
c. Federal College Consultancy.
d. Federal Carolina Commission.
5. The abbreviation NRA stands for
a. National Rifle Association.
b. National Regional Activists.
c. North Regional Association.
d. North Referral Association.
a
b
c
d
a
118 Practice Test 3-1
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-1
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 10
Practice Test 3-1 119
6. The abbreviation MA stands for
a. Merchants Association.
b. Michigan Arts.
c. Mississippi Alumni.
d. Master of Arts.
7. How is the word inflammable correctly divided into syllables?
a. in/flam/ma/ble
b. inf/lam/able
c. infl/am/able
d. inflam/able
8. How is the word erratic correctly divided into syllables?
a. err/atic
b. e/rr/atic
c. err/a/tic
d. er/rat/ic
9. What is the correct pronunciation of documentary?
a. dok you MEN ta rey
b. dok youm EN trey
c. do kum ENTRY
d. DOK u men try
10. What is the correct pronunciation of infinite?
a. IN fe nit
b. INF i nite
c. inf I nite
d. infi NITE
a
a
d
a
d
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 119
Dictionary Skills
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that best
completes each of the following statements. Use your dictionary.
1. A restrictive meaning for the word level is
a. a bit, element, or channel of information.
b. a table or other flat surface.
c. a computer input area.
d. an unusual law that is difficult to enforce.
2. The restrictive meaning for the word house in a theater is
a. floor.
b. stage.
c. pit.
d. audience.
3. The restrictive meaning of the word force in physics is
a. the distance from one point to another.
b. an analytical measurement of speed.
c. a vector quantity that tends to produce acceleration.
d. the outcome of a vector analysis.
4. The abbreviation FCC stands for
a. Federal Commission on Currency.
b. Federal Communications Commission.
c. Federal College Consultancy.
d. Federal Carolina Commission.
5. The abbreviation NRA stands for
a. National Rifle Association.
b. National Regional Activists.
c. North Regional Association.
d. North Referral Association.
a
b
c
d
a
118 Practice Test 3-1
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-1
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 118
isolated from the
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, in the space provided write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The cat and her newborn kittens had to be
family dog after he tried to attack them.
a. combined c. separated
b. heated up
alternative I went home and watched television.
a. command c. assignment
b. design d. another option
3. The baby birds needed a place of refuge from the summer
storm.
a. shelter c. building
b. rejection d. separation
4. Mike’s efforts to buy a car were futile, so he continued to ride
his bike to work.
a. helpful c. necessary
b. useless d. careless
5. Janice persistently asked her mother to buy a new car, so her
mother finally gave in and bought one.
a. constantly c. brief
b. lazy d. unenthusiastic
6. The meal was prepared perfectly, but the young woman
found it repugnant.
a. overpriced c. distasteful
b. lovely d. delicious
7. Getting our car fixed after the accident was an ordeal.
a. good time c. unexpected event
b. relaxing opportunity d. painful experience
d
c
a
b
a
d. rejected
d 2. All of the movies I wanted to rent were taken, so as an
c
120 Practice Test 3-2
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-2
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 120
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, in the space provided write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The cat and her newborn kittens had to be isolated from the
family dog after he tried to attack them.
a. combined c. separated
b. heated up d. rejected
2. All of the movies I wanted to rent were taken, so as an
alternative I went home and watched television.
a. command c. assignment
b. design d. another option
3. The baby birds needed a place of refuge from the summer
storm.
a. shelter c. building
b. rejection d. separation
4. Mike’s efforts to buy a car were futile, so he continued to ride
his bike to work.
a. helpful c. necessary
b. useless d. careless
5. Janice persistently asked her mother to buy a new car, so her
mother finally gave in and bought one.
a. constantly c. brief
b. lazy d. unenthusiastic
6. The meal was prepared perfectly, but the young woman
found it repugnant.
a. overpriced c. distasteful
b. lovely d. delicious
7. Getting our car fixed after the accident was an ordeal.
a. good time c. unexpected event
b. relaxing opportunity d. painful experience
d
c
a
b
a
d
c
120 Practice Test 3-2
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-2
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 120
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 11
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, in the space provided write the letter of the
choice that best defines each boldfaced word.
1. The cat and her newborn kittens had to be isolated from the
family dog after he tried to attack them.
a. combined c. separated
b. heated up d. rejected
2. All of the movies I wanted to rent were taken, so as an
alternative I went home and watched television.
a. command c. assignment
b. design d. another option
3. The baby birds needed a place of refuge from the summer
storm.
a. shelter c. building
b. rejection d. separation
4. Mike’s efforts to buy a car were futile, so he continued to ride
his bike to work.
a. helpful c. necessary
b. useless d. careless
5. Janice persistently asked her mother to buy a new car, so her
mother finally gave in and bought one.
a. constantly c. brief
b. lazy d. unenthusiastic
6. The meal was prepared perfectly, but the young woman
found it repugnant.
a. overpriced c. distasteful
b. lovely d. delicious
7. Getting our car fixed after the accident was an ordeal.
a. good time c. unexpected event
b. relaxing opportunity d. painful experience
d
c
a
b
a
d
c
120 Practice Test 3-2
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-2
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 120
Practice Test 3-2 121
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
8. Candace wore a red, low-cut dress to the party, but her sister
was dressed more decorously.
a. fashionably c. attractively
b. warmly d. modestly
9. Kayla let a few weeks elapse before returning her
ex-boyfriend’s phone call.
a. separate c. slow down
b. pass d. speed up
10. Gorillas can convey messages to humans through gestures
and sounds.
a. invent c. communicate
b. allow d. approve of
c
b
d
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Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 12
Using Context Clues
Directions: Select the word from the box below that best defines the boldfaced word in each of the following sentences. Keep in mind that not all of
the words will be used.
122 Practice Test 3-3
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-3
generous exceed travel plan not intended
gruesome silent weaknesses trusting relationship
lively helpful useless
change limit burned
1. The economy was in a state of continual flux; inflation increased one
month and decreased the next.
2. Art is always talkative, but Ed is usually taciturn.
3. Many debilities of old age, including poor eyesight and loss of hearing,
can be treated medically.
4. The soap opera contained numerous morbid events: the death of a
young child, the suicide of her father, and the murder of his older
brother.
5. After long hours of practice, Antonio finally learned to type; Sam’s
efforts, however, were futile.
6. The newspaper’s error was inadvertent; the editor did not intend to
include the victim’s name.
7. To save money, we have decided to curtail the number of CDs we buy
each month.
8. Steam from the hot radiator scalded the mechanic’s hand.
9. Sonia’s itinerary outlined her trip and listed Cleveland as her next
stop.
10. Chang had very good rapport with his father, but he was unable to
get along with his mother. trusting relationship
travel plan
burned
limit
not intended
useless
gruesome
weaknesses
silent
change
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 122
Studying Words
Mastery Test 3-1 123
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-1
Part A: Studying Idioms
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that correctly
defines each of the following idioms. Use a dictionary, if needed.
1. turn over a new leaf
a. start fresh in a new way
b. criticize frequently
c. complain angrily
d. render useless
2. to make no bones about
a. to reveal information
b. to ask for assistance
c. to accept one’s fate
d. to speak openly and frankly
3. at the eleventh hour
a. at the last minute
b. just in time
c. too late
d. just before noon
4. to keep tabs on
a. to hinder progress
b. to offer help
c. to keep track of
d. to ask questions
5. to bite the bullet
a. to arm oneself
b. to travel unsafely
c. to use time unwisely
d. to deal with a difficult situation
d
c
a
d
a
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 123
Studying Words
Mastery Test 3-1 123
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-1
Part A: Studying Idioms
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that correctly
defines each of the following idioms. Use a dictionary, if needed.
1. turn over a new leaf
a. start fresh in a new way
b. criticize frequently
c. complain angrily
d. render useless
2. to make no bones about
a. to reveal information
b. to ask for assistance
c. to accept one’s fate
d. to speak openly and frankly
3. at the eleventh hour
a. at the last minute
b. just in time
c. too late
d. just before noon
4. to keep tabs on
a. to hinder progress
b. to offer help
c. to keep track of
d. to ask questions
5. to bite the bullet
a. to arm oneself
b. to travel unsafely
c. to use time unwisely
d. to deal with a difficult situation
d
c
a
d
a
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 123
Using Context Clues
Directions: Select the word from the box below that best defines the boldfaced word in each of the following sentences. Keep in mind that not all of
the words will be used.
122 Practice Test 3-3
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ PRACTICE TEST 3-3
generous exceed travel plan not intended
gruesome silent weaknesses trusting relationship
lively helpful useless
change limit burned
1. The economy was in a state of continual flux; inflation increased one
month and decreased the next.
2. Art is always talkative, but Ed is usually taciturn.
3. Many debilities of old age, including poor eyesight and loss of hearing,
can be treated medically.
4. The soap opera contained numerous morbid events: the death of a
young child, the suicide of her father, and the murder of his older
brother.
5. After long hours of practice, Antonio finally learned to type; Sam’s
efforts, however, were futile.
6. The newspaper’s error was inadvertent; the editor did not intend to
include the victim’s name.
7. To save money, we have decided to curtail the number of CDs we buy
each month.
8. Steam from the hot radiator scalded the mechanic’s hand.
9. Sonia’s itinerary outlined her trip and listed Cleveland as her next
stop.
10. Chang had very good rapport with his father, but he was unable to
get along with his mother. trusting relationship
travel plan
burned
limit
not intended
useless
gruesome
weaknesses
silent
change
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 122
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 13
Part B: Using a Dictionary
Directions: Each numbered sentence below is followed by a dictionary entry
for the boldfaced word. Use this entry to select the choice that best fits the
meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence.
6. At the entrance to the international exhibition hall, visitors
are greeted by a panoply of flags representing every nation in
the world.
d
124 Mastery Test 3-1
a. the complete arms and armor of a warrior
b. ceremonial attire with all accessories
c. something that covers and protects
d. a splendid and striking array
7. At the town meeting, several citizens ventilated their concerns about the proposed increase in property taxes.
d
a. to admit fresh air in order to replace stale or noxious air
b. to circulate through and freshen
c. to expose to the circulation of fresh air, as to retard
spoilage
d. to expose to public discussion or examination
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:28 PM Page 124 Part B: Using a Dictionary
Directions: Each numbered sentence below is followed by a dictionary entry
for the boldfaced word. Use this entry to select the choice that best fits the
meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence.
6. At the entrance to the international exhibition hall, visitors
are greeted by a panoply of flags representing every nation in
the world.
d
124 Mastery Test 3-1
a. the complete arms and armor of a warrior
b. ceremonial attire with all accessories
c. something that covers and protects
d. a splendid and striking array
7. At the town meeting, several citizens ventilated their concerns about the proposed increase in property taxes.
d
a. to admit fresh air in order to replace stale or noxious air
b. to circulate through and freshen
c. to expose to the circulation of fresh air, as to retard
spoilage
d. to expose to public discussion or examination
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:28 PM Page 124
Part B: Using a Dictionary
Directions: Each numbered sentence below is followed by a dictionary entry
for the boldfaced word. Use this entry to select the choice that best fits the
meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence.
6. At the entrance to the international exhibition hall, visitors
are greeted by a panoply of flags representing every nation in
the world.
d
124 Mastery Test 3-1
a. the complete arms and armor of a warrior
b. ceremonial attire with all accessories
c. something that covers and protects
d. a splendid and striking array
7. At the town meeting, several citizens ventilated their concerns about the proposed increase in property taxes.
d
a. to admit fresh air in order to replace stale or noxious air
b. to circulate through and freshen
c. to expose to the circulation of fresh air, as to retard
spoilage
d. to expose to public discussion or examination
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:28 PM Page 124
Studying Words
Mastery Test 3-1 123
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-1
Part A: Studying Idioms
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that correctly
defines each of the following idioms. Use a dictionary, if needed.
1. turn over a new leaf
a. start fresh in a new way
b. criticize frequently
c. complain angrily
d. render useless
2. to make no bones about
a. to reveal information
b. to ask for assistance
c. to accept one’s fate
d. to speak openly and frankly
3. at the eleventh hour
a. at the last minute
b. just in time
c. too late
d. just before noon
4. to keep tabs on
a. to hinder progress
b. to offer help
c. to keep track of
d. to ask questions
5. to bite the bullet
a. to arm oneself
b. to travel unsafely
c. to use time unwisely
d. to deal with a difficult situation
d
c
a
d
a
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 123
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 14
8. Many people with coronary artery disease do not manifest
symptoms until they have their first heart attack.
b
Mastery Test 3-1 125
a. clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious
b. to show or demonstrate plainly; reveal
c. to be evidence of; prove
d. to record in a ship’s manifest
9. After receiving the Nobel Prize, the winner is often besieged
with requests for speaking engagements and public
appearances.
c
a. to cause to feel distressed or worried
b. to crowd around; hem in
c. to harass or importune, as with requests
d. to surround with hostile forces
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 125
8. Many people with coronary artery disease do not manifest
symptoms until they have their first heart attack.
b
Mastery Test 3-1 125
a. clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious
b. to show or demonstrate plainly; reveal
c. to be evidence of; prove
d. to record in a ship’s manifest
9. After receiving the Nobel Prize, the winner is often besieged
with requests for speaking engagements and public
appearances.
c
a. to cause to feel distressed or worried
b. to crowd around; hem in
c. to harass or importune, as with requests
d. to surround with hostile forces
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 125
8. Many people with coronary artery disease do not manifest
symptoms until they have their first heart attack.
b
Mastery Test 3-1 125
a. clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious
b. to show or demonstrate plainly; reveal
c. to be evidence of; prove
d. to record in a ship’s manifest
9. After receiving the Nobel Prize, the winner is often besieged
with requests for speaking engagements and public
appearances.
c
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 125
a. to cause to feel distressed or worried
b. to crowd around; hem in
c. to harass or importune, as with requests
d. to surround with hostile forces
10. The student task force obviously did not spend much time
considering the problem of the limited number of parking
spaces on campus; its facile solution to the problem disappointed all of us.
c
126 Mastery Test 3-1
a. done or achieved with little effort or difficulty; easy
b. working, acting, or speaking with effortless ease and
fluency
c. arrived at without due care, effort, or examination;
superficial
d. pleasingly mild, as in disposition or manner
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:29 PM Page 126
10. The student task force obviously did not spend much time
considering the problem of the limited number of parking
spaces on campus; its facile solution to the problem disappointed all of us.
c
126 Mastery Test 3-1
a. done or achieved with little effort or difficulty; easy
b. working, acting, or speaking with effortless ease and
fluency
c. arrived at without due care, effort, or examination;
superficial
d. pleasingly mild, as in disposition or manner
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/11/10 5:29 PM Page 126
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, select the word from the box below that
best defines each of the boldfaced words in the following paragraph. Keep in
mind that not all of the words will be used.
The homeless are among the extremely poor. They are by definition
people who sleep in streets, parks, shelters, and places not intended as
dwellings, such as bus stations, lobbies, or abandoned buildings.
Homelessness is not new. There have always been homeless people in the
United States. But the homeless today differ in some ways from their
counterparts of the 1950s and 1960s. More than 30 years ago, most of the
homeless were old men, only a handful were women, and virtually no families were homeless. Today the homeless are younger, and include more
women and families with young children. Today’s homeless also are more
visible to the general public because they are much more likely to sleep on
the streets or in other public places in great numbers. They also suffer
greater deprivation. Although in the past homeless men on Skid Row were
undoubtedly poor, their average income from casual and intermittent work
was three to four times more than what the current homeless receive. In
addition, many of the older homeless had small but stable pensions, which
today’s homeless do not have.
—Thio, Sociology, p. 235.
large group dependable almost those who are similar
noticeable blind houses given up completely
few hardship never
definitely integrated not continuous
Mastery Test 3-2 127
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME
DATE
_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
_________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-2
1. dwellings
2. abandoned
3. counterparts
4. handful
5. virtually almost
few
those who are similar
given up completely
houses 6. visible
7. deprivation
8. undoubtedly
9. intermittent
10. stable dependable
not continuous
definitely
hardship
noticeable
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 127
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, select the word from the box below that
best defines each of the boldfaced words in the following paragraph. Keep in
mind that not all of the words will be used.
The homeless are among the extremely poor. They are by definition
people who sleep in streets, parks, shelters, and places not intended as
dwellings, such as bus stations, lobbies, or abandoned buildings.
Homelessness is not new. There have always been homeless people in the
United States. But the homeless today differ in some ways from their
counterparts of the 1950s and 1960s. More than 30 years ago, most of the
homeless were old men, only a handful were women, and virtually no families were homeless. Today the homeless are younger, and include more
women and families with young children. Today’s homeless also are more
visible to the general public because they are much more likely to sleep on
the streets or in other public places in great numbers. They also suffer
greater deprivation. Although in the past homeless men on Skid Row were
undoubtedly poor, their average income from casual and intermittent work
was three to four times more than what the current homeless receive. In
addition, many of the older homeless had small but stable pensions, which
today’s homeless do not have.
—Thio, Sociology, p. 235.
large group dependable almost those who are similar
noticeable blind houses given up completely
few hardship never
definitely integrated not continuous
Mastery Test 3-2 127
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-2
1. dwellings
2. abandoned
3. counterparts
4. handful
5. virtually almost
few
those who are similar
given up completely
houses 6. visible
7. deprivation
8. undoubtedly
9. intermittent
10. stable dependable
not continuous
definitely
hardship
noticeable
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 127
Using Context Clues
Directions: Using context clues, select the word from the box below that
best defines each of the boldfaced words in the following paragraph. Keep in
mind that not all of the words will be used.
The homeless are among the extremely poor. They are by definition
people who sleep in streets, parks, shelters, and places not intended as
dwellings, such as bus stations, lobbies, or abandoned buildings.
Homelessness is not new. There have always been homeless people in the
United States. But the homeless today differ in some ways from their
counterparts of the 1950s and 1960s. More than 30 years ago, most of the
homeless were old men, only a handful were women, and virtually no families were homeless. Today the homeless are younger, and include more
women and families with young children. Today’s homeless also are more
visible to the general public because they are much more likely to sleep on
the streets or in other public places in great numbers. They also suffer
greater deprivation. Although in the past homeless men on Skid Row were
undoubtedly poor, their average income from casual and intermittent work
was three to four times more than what the current homeless receive. In
addition, many of the older homeless had small but stable pensions, which
today’s homeless do not have.
—Thio, Sociology, p. 235.
large group dependable almost those who are similar
noticeable blind houses given up completely
few hardship never
definitely integrated not continuous
Mastery Test 3-2 127
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________ MASTERY TEST 3-2
1. dwellings
2. abandoned
3. counterparts
4. handful
5. virtually almost
few
those who are similar
given up completely
houses 6. visible
7. deprivation
8. undoubtedly
9. intermittent
10. stable dependable
not continuous
definitely
hardship
noticeable
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 127
Essential Reading Skills, 4e Chapter 3, Page 15
Communication
Sports as Media Entertainment
John Vivian
This excerpt from a textbook titled The Media of Mass
discusses how sports programming has impacted television networks.
128 Mastery Test 3-3
NAME_________________________________ SECTION _______________________
MASTERY TEST 3-3 DATE _________________________________ SCORE _________________________
Vocabulary Preview
These are some of the difficult words and phrases in this essay. The
definitions here will help you if you can’t figure out the meanings from
the sentence context or word parts.
insatiable (para. 2) unable to be satisfied
breadth (para. 4) full width of
magnate (para. 4) powerful person in a field
accommodate (para. 5) to change to suit or to fit something
fickle (para. 10) not logical, changeable
saturation point (para. 10) maximum level or point of fullness
enhance (para. 14) intensify, magnify, make greater
Mass Audience for Sports
1 sensed how a
York Herald in the
Joseph
New York World.
The brilliant newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett
public interest in sports could build circulation for his New
1830s. Bennett assigned reporters to cover sports regularly. Fifty years later, with
growing interest in horse racing, prizefighting, yacht racing and baseball,
Pulitzer organized the first separate sports department at his
Sportswriters began specializing in different sports.
2 1897 Corbettdozens of writers
Jeffries-Johnson title
Audience appetite for sports was insatiable. For the
Fitzsimmons heavyweight title fight in remote Nevada,
showed up. The New York Times introduced celebrity coverage in 1910 when it
hired retired prizefighter John L. Sullivan to cover the
bout in Reno.
James Gordon
Bennett
New York
newspaper
publisher in
1830s; first to
assign reporters
to sports
regularly
Joseph Pulitzer
New York
newspaper
publisher in
1880s;
organized the
first newspaper
sports
department
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 128
Mastery Test 3-3 131
work to continue its National Football League coverage, was outbid by Fox. Six
local affiliates switched to Fox. CBS fell to fourth among the networks with male
viewers, an important demographic group for advertisers. Smarting at the setbacks, CBS was not to be outdone. When CBS regained the NFL rights in 1998,
the network resumed leadership in terms both of total viewers and of men 18 and
older. Now CBS and Fox have bid $8 billion for NFL games from 2007 to 2010,
25 percent more than the previous deal.
14 The networks have adjusted their business model from seeing sports as a
profit center. Instead, sports has become recognized as a loss leader (a product
sold at a loss to attract customers). The goal now is to use sports programs to
promote other network programming, to enhance the network as a brand, and to
deny coverage to competing networks—and at the same time to generate
enough in advertising and in some cases subscription revenue to minimize the
loss. Les Moonves, president of CBS, explained the new thinking this way:
“Broadcast networks must look at sports as a piece of a much larger puzzle and
not focus on the specific profits and losses of sports divisions.”
15 Culturally the Moonves mindset has negative effects. The sports drain has
forced CBS and other networks to emphasize more low-cost programming, like
reality shows, for the rest of their schedules. The question: After the sports,
what’s worth watching? Also, critics note that the huge licensing fees paid in
broadcast rights make possible the mega-salaries of top athletes. –
Directions: In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that best
completes each of the following statements.
CHECKING YOUR COMPREHENSION
1. The main point of the reading is that
a. the public demand for sports dramatically impacts television networks.
b. sports were not initially played in ways that were television friendly.
c. athletes are paid too much.
d. not as many people watch sports on TV as they used to.
a
MCWH_3467_CH03_pp092-137.qxd 11/3/10 11:42 AM Page 131
132 Mastery Test 3-3
2. The idea of sports magazines started with the publication of
a. Sports Illustrated.
b. the New York Herald.
c. the American Bicycling Journal.
d. the American Turf Register.
3. Which TV program established the bond between sports and
television?
a. Wide World of Sports
b. Sports Illustrated
c. Wednesday Night Fights
d. Friday Night Fights
4. The XFL football league failed because
a. of the terrorist attacks of 9/11.
b. wrestling fans did not tune in.
c. football fans already had enough to watch.
d. there were not enough advertising sponsors.
5. Networks lose money on sports because
a. there are too many sports programs.
b. licensing fees are so high.
c. athletes’ salaries are too high.
d. there are not enough viewers.
USING CONTEXT CLUES
6. In paragraph 4, the word circulation means
a. the number of copies of a magazine or newspaper that are
distributed.
b. the number of people who buy a particular magazine or
newspaper.
c. the number of years a magazine or newspaper has been in
operation.
d. the amount of advertising revenue a magazine or news