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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 3
EXERCISE 2-1
Underline the nouns and circle the pronouns. Some sentences may not contain a pronoun.
1. The New Orleans Saints hit a lucky streak when they lured Drew Brees from the
San Diego Chargers in 2006, though few likely thought so at the time.
2. Brees’ career as a quarterback has seen highs and lows, and at one point an injury
seemed to have ended it.
3. Brees is short for a quarterback, and some thought his arm strength was substandard, so he was plucked by the Chargers late in his first NFL draft.
4. The Chargers’ record in the next season was eight wins and eight losses, and Brees
was replaced with Philip Rivers.
5. Many thought Brees’ career was over.
6. But when Rivers missed most of training camp, Brees took his place to start every
game and led them to twelve wins and four losses.
7. They were now the conference champions, and he was voted NFL Comeback
Player of the Year.
8. In 2005, Brees was injured when he tried to recover a fumble in a game against the
Broncos, and again some thought his career was finished.
9. The Saints, however, gambled that Brees might have strength remaining, and they
were rewarded when he led their underdog team to a shocking Super Bowl victory
over the Indianapolis Colts in 2010.
10. The athlete whom so many had wrongly undervalued had become a hero who now
brought new hope, joy, and pride to a city that had recently been exhausted by
Hurricane Katrina.
CHAPTER 2 The Parts of Speech: A Review
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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 4
EXERCISE 2-2
If the italicized word in each sentence is an action verb, write “1”; if the italicized word is a linking verb, write “2”; if the italicized word is a helping/auxiliary verb, write “3.” Use the space
provided on the left.
1. Horses have been pets and helpers to humans for thousands of years.
2. Although a variety of breeds exists, there are some general traits that most
horses share.
3. Most horses are social animals that enjoy living and moving with other
horses.
4. They observe a hierarchy within their groups.
5. For example, young horses will rarely drink water from a trough until older
group members have finished drinking.
6. Until a new horse’s place is determined within the group, many conflicts
may occur.
7. Horses are natural runners, and they race each other just for fun.
8. They are also swift learners and can master a number of skills to help or
amuse their owners.
9. Like dogs, horses possess acute hearing and can become easily frightened by
sudden loud noises.
10. Thanks to equally sharp eyesight, horses are able to see far in the distance
where another animal is scampering.
EXERCISE 2-3
A. In the space before each sentence, write the noun or pronoun that is modified by the italicized
adjective.
1. A 420-million-year-old millipede is the oldest animal known to
have lived on land.
2. The half-inch-long fossil has air holes, which means that it was
able to breathe oxygen and live on land.
3. Before this discovery, the earliest known land dweller was a longlegged spider who lived twenty million years later.
4. If this millipede lived on land at that time, there must have also
been moss or small plant life for it to eat.
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
3
2
2
animal
fossil
spider
plant life
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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 5
5. The tiny specimen was found on a beach near Aberdeen, Scotland,
by Mike Newman, a bus driver who holds a degree in geology.
6. To honor the studious discoverer, the specimen was named for him.
7. Millipedes are often called living fossils because they have not
changed significantly over millions of years.
8. Ten thousand species of millipedes have evolved from ancient
creatures that once lived in the sea.
9. Despite their interesting name, millipedes do not have a thousand
legs, and they are not related to centipedes (which do not have a
hundred legs).
10. Millipedes belong to the same category as insects, spiders, and
crustaceans.
B. In the space before each sentence, write the predicate adjective that modifies the italicized
nouns or pronouns.
1. About 20 percent of veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars
become depressed or suffer other stress symptoms.
2. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common.
3. Nightmares, anxiety, panic attacks, flashbacks to traumatic
events, and irritability are symptomatic of PTSD.
4. Veterans who suffer PTSD often become confrontational or
suicidal.
5. Unfortunately, only about half of the veterans who need help are
able to get it.
6. One reason is that many veterans think they seem weak or unfit
for further service if they are diagnosed with PTSD.
7. The scarcity of health care professionals who have relevant training is alarming.
8. The Army now screens soldiers at the end of their deployments, but symptoms are often unnoticeable for months
afterward.
9. The military also seeks to provide more anonymity for soldiers
who seem troubled.
10. Given what soldiers sacrifice, it is crucial that they receive help
without shame.
specimen
discoverer
fossils
creatures
name
category
depressed
common
symptomatic
confrontational
or suicidal
able
weak/unfit
alarming
unnoticeable
troubled
crucial
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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 6
EXERCISE 2-4
A. In the space before each sentence, write the adjective, verb, or adverb modified by the italicized adverb.
1. Approximately twenty million Americans attend monster truck
spectaculars every year.
2. Monster trucks have huge tires that enable them to scoot up a
ramp, take off, and travel through the air 100 feet, 30 feet off the
ground, then crash dramatically back to earth without being
smashed to pieces.
3. A common feat is to land on a car, preferably a Japanese import,
and crush it.
4. Other very popular events at truck shows include mud racing and
dropping drivers strapped in their cars 170 feet in the air onto
several vans.
5. The appeal of monster trucks probably derives from the roar and
the mud.
6. It also stems partly from the fantasy most of us have experienced
as we have been trapped in traffic, wishing we could push aside
the cars around us.
7. The trucks inevitably have colorful names such as Carolina
Crusher, Bearfoot, and Grave Digger.
8. But the most famous is Bigfoot, the product of Bob Chandler, the
originator of the monster truck.
9. Bigfoot-licensed products and souvenirs sold at truck shows gross
more than 300 million dollars annually.
10. More than seven hundred monster truck shows a year are held
throughout the world, and the most popular drivers enjoy the
kind of fame reserved for movie stars.
B. In the space before each sentence, write the adverb that modifies the italicized word or words.
1. Video games are often criticized for distracting their users from
work or exercise.
2. With thousands of exciting games to choose from, players can
easily spend hours on the couch, ignoring their obligations.
3. But some new evidence suggests that at least one group of people,
stroke victims, may actually benefit from playing video games.
twenty million
crash
Japanese
popular
derives
stems
have
famous
gross
popular
often
easily
actually
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4. A stroke happens when a blood vessel leading to the brain suddenly bursts or becomes blocked.
5. Strokes deprive the brain cells of oxygen, which kills them
permanently.
6. Physical movements that are usually controlled by the afflicted
part of the brain become impossible to perform.
7. Victims may struggle helplessly to perform simple tasks such as
tying shoes, turning a doorknob, or signing their name.
8. The best way to regain some mobility to learn a new physical
skill is to practice it consistently.
9. In a number of studies, stroke patients played games in which
they had to constantly move a handheld remote to simulate a
real sports move—swing a golf club, tennis racket, or table tennis paddle, for example.
10. After a few weeks of diligent practice, many stroke patients performed simple tasks, such as folding towels, faster than stroke
patients who had not played the games.
EXERCISE 2-5
Underline the prepositional phrases in each sentence; write “adv” above the phrase if it is used as
an adverbial modifier, or “adj” if it is used as an adjectival modifier.
1. The first symptom of Alzheimer’s disease in most older people is loss of memory.
2. Most patients are not aware of the problem and don’t realize the need for an
appointment with a doctor.
3. Alzheimer’s disease affects the hippocampus, one of the areas of the brain.
4. The hippocampus is involved in learning something new; that information is then
stored or processed in other areas of the brain.
5. For that reason, most patients with Alzheimer’s have problems with learning and
remembering new things but are better at remembering old things.
6. The billions of cells that make up the brain are like the bricks used to build a house.
permanently
usually
helplessly
consistently
constantly
faster
suddenly
adj. adv. adj.
adv.
adj. adj.
adv.
adv.
adj. adv.
adj.
adj.
adv. adj.
adj. adj.
adv.
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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 8
7. The dendrite is the part of the cell that receives information, and the axon is the
part that sends information out.
8. The axons and dendrites are important to memory because they connect one brain
cell to another.
9. One of the theories held by scientists is that the axons and dendrites shrink
in patients with Alzheimer’s.
10. As a result, loss of memory is one of the first effects when these connections are
disrupted.
EXERCISE 2-6
Underline the coordinating or correlative conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. Lighthouses still dot the coasts of many countries, but most mariners now rely on
global positioning satellite (GPS) systems.
2. The United States has less than 5 percent of the world’s population, yet it holds
nearly a quarter of the world’s prisoners.
3. The Grateful Dead, a popular rock band, has donated many of its posters, stage
props, and photos to the University of California, Santa Cruz.
4. Smoking is being banned from more and more charity bingo events nationwide, so
attendance has dropped.
5. Neither a bowl of pudding nor a warm hug could soothe the worried child.
6. Both Bing and Google want to be the world’s favorite search engine.
7. Our two favorite fast-food joints, Arby’s and Wendy’s, are owned by the same billionaire investor.
8. Kareem’s new car features satellite radio, so he can now hear foreign newscasts.
9. This summer, we will sample either the jazz clubs of New Orleans or the underground raves of Los Angeles.
10. Europe’s return to coal use has some citizens worried, for it creates more pollution
than oil refineries; yet other residents welcome the lower-priced fuel.
adj.
adj.
adv.
adv. adj. adj.
adv.
adv.
adv. adj.
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Reviewing Basic Grammar: A Guide to Writing Sentences and Paragraphs Page 9
EDITING EXERCISES
Identify the part of speech of each italicized word in the following paragraphs.
You’ve been phished! For computer owners, there are few experiencs more
alarming than being victims of phishing—the stealing of private information
over the Internet. Phishing is done with fraudulent emails or text messages that
pretend to come from real banks or businesses. Some common phish emails use
the text and graphics styles of eBay, PayPal, popular online stores, and online
banks. Recipients are fooled by the realistic-looking emails, which often ask for
credit card details, bank account numbers, and passwords, or Social Security
numbers. The term “phishing” originated in 1996, yet the first such scam occurred
nine years earlier. Each year, more than a million Americans lose hundreds of
millions of dollars from their bank accounts and credit sources this way. How can
you avoid phishing scams? Contact any company from whom you get emails that
ask you to verify information about yourself or your finances. You can also find
antiphishing software on the Internet, and often free of charge, with a simple
Internet search.
A quinceañera is a young woman’s fifteenth-birthday religious celebration in
both Mexico and the United States, and it symbolizes her transition from childhood to adulthood. In the small villages of Mexico the emphasis is on the
religious nature of the ceremony. In Chicano communities in the United States,
it is often followed by a dinner and dance in the gym of the local church or community center. Not all fifteen-year-olds have quinceañeras. Many families cannot
afford them. Food for several hundred guests, printed invitations, flowers, a band
for dancing, rental of a hall, and a professional photographer are among the
expenses that the parents of the young honoree must necessarily assume for this
occasion.
exclamation adj. adv.
prep. conj.
noun prep.
verb verb
noun adv.
noun
conj. verb
adj. verb
pronoun conj.
adj. pronoun
pronoun prep.
adj. noun
pronoun prep.
linking verb
adj.
adv. conj.
adj. verb noun
pronoun adj.
prep. noun conj. prep.
adj. adv.
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A. Identify the parts of speech of the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space
provided.
a. noun b. pronoun c. adjective d. adverb
1. All modern large optical telescopes are made with mirrors.
2. Between the ninth and eleventh centuries Norway’s Vikings raided widely
separated parts of Europe.
3. Hypertension affects people of all races, sexes, ethnic origins, and ages.
4. Many college students wait until their sophomore year to decide on their major.
5. When they were told the flight was canceled, the passengers tried to find
another flight.
6. The Consumer Price Index currently measures price changes from the average index level for the designated reference period 1982–84.
7. When did the last survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake die?
8. When my English professor arrived in this country, she did not know a
word of English.
9. The Oscar nominee was truly surprised when she was awarded the prize.
10. When I visited Manhattan, I walked across the Brooklyn Bridge.
B. Identify the parts of speech of the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space
provided.
a. preposition b. conjunction c. interjection
11. To his embarrassment, Noah left home without his wallet.
12. Hurry! The bus leaves in ten minutes!
13. Emma left the opera performance during the intermission.
14. Cuba and Nicaragua voted against the resolution.
15. Do you want a soup or a salad for lunch?
C. Identify the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space provided.
a. action verb b. linking verb c. helping/auxiliary verb
16. Many football players suffer traumatic brain concussion injuries.
17. Destiny said that she has studied for two weeks for the midsemester exam.
R EVIEW T EST 2-A
Parts of Speech
c
d
a
c
b
d
a
b
d
a
a
c
a
b
b
a
c
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18. My dog Dollar seems nervous this evening.
19. Oscar has broken all the scoring records this year.
20. Although my father has taken tango lessons, he is too shy to dance publicly.
21. Millions throughout the world watched via television the marriage of
Prince William and Kate Middleton.
22. This birthday cake tastes as if it was made with rum.
23. A bear market is a market in which prices are rising.
24. A bull market is a market in which prices are falling.
25. Angela Merkel is Germany’s first woman chancellor.
A. Identify the parts of speech of the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space
provided.
a. noun b. pronoun c. adjective d. adverb
1. Were you present in class yesterday?
2. Several members have not paid their dues.
3. The archaeologists found a gold wine cup in the pharaoh’s tomb.
4. Many of the voters were confused by the complicated ballot measure.
5. Reading without proper glasses caused her to have a severe headache.
6. The consumer affairs department filed a suit for the bilked customers.
7. Hyun-Min is reading about the volcanoes of northern El Salvador.
8. By checking his progress weekly, Austin monitored his weight loss.
9. Much of this cake was eaten by your pet possum.
10. We attached the painting to the wall with numerous nails.
R EVIEW T EST 2-B
Parts of Speech
b
c
c
a
b
b
c
b
d
a
c
b
a
a
c
d
b
c
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B. Identify the parts of speech of the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space
provided.
a. preposition b. conjunction c. interjection
11. Leo left Natchez before the flood began.
12. Michael Jordan retired from basketball but returned as a player and team
owner before retiring again.
13. Gee, I thought I had a higher amount in my savings account.
14. You can reach me by cell phone or pager during my canoe trip down the
Rio Grande.
15. Kayla and Isaac are renting a French farmhouse.
C. Identify the italicized words by using the appropriate letter in the space provided.
a. action verb b. linking verb c. helping/auxiliary verb
16. Mr. Bernardi claimed that in his younger years he could sing as well as
Placido Domingo.
17. They should have known that golfing in a lightning storm would be dangerous.
18. Can you teach me to hook and cook a kawakawa?
19. Thomas Jefferson cultivated the Concord grape.
20. A high-fat diet increases the risk of breast cancer.
21. Millions of dissenting Russians were jailed or executed by Stalin in the 1950s.
22. The love poem on my desk was by a bashful colleague.
23. At first glance, Paula appears shy and aloof.
24. We observed some gorillas at the Bronx Zoo on their Web cam.
25. William served as a judge at the cat show.
b
b
c
a
b
c
c
c
a
a
c
b
b
a
a
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