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5
Developing 2
PRACTICE 1
Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each topic sentence.
Example: Repair a water heater with three simple steps.
1. Physical education is essential in public schools.
2. There are three types of terrible bosses.
3. My furnished room has everything a student could need.
4. We had many problems during our camping trip.
5. Carolina Bomback has a very eccentric fashion style.
6. A serious problem in high schools is cyber bullying.
7. The Beatles went through many musical phases.
8. Learning to cook well requires practice, patience, and perseverance.
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6
PRACTICE 2
Underline or highlight the topic sentences in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3. Remember that
the topic sentence is not always the first sentence in the paragraph.
Example:
Clever marketers have manipulated the public to equate diamonds with
wedding proposals. In the 1930s, the Oppenheimer family, which controlled the
diamond trade, discovered large diamond deposits in South Africa. Before then,
diamonds were valuable because they were rare. The family faced the problem
of marketing a product that was no longer scarce. Using clever marketing
techniques, such as the creation of the slogan “Diamonds are forever,” the
family entrenched the idea in people’s minds that a wedding proposal should be
accompanied with a diamond ring. Oppenheimer’s company, De Beers, also paid
film companies to include “diamond ring” wedding proposals in film scripts. The
larger the diamond, the more a man expressed his love. Today, the average bride
expects to receive a diamond ring, unaware that a diamond company created
the tradition.
1. The idea of controlling music in society has been around for a long time.
About 2,400 years ago, the Greek philosopher Plato said that the types of music
people listened to should be controlled by the state. During the Middle Ages
and the Renaissance, it was the Church that specified how music should be
composed and performed. And in later centuries, secular rulers held a virtual
monopoly over the music that was allowed in their realm. Often, composers
had to submit a work to a committee before it was allowed to be published or
performed.
—Jeremy Yudkin, Understanding Music
2. A ring, a ceremony, and a joyful notice in the newspaper once demonstrated
the highlights of a romance, and the bitter lowlights were usually endured
in the tearful intimacy of close friends. These days, however, in a culture
permeated by social networking sites like Facebook, a simple click of a button
can mark the beginning and end of a relationship. For instance, about a year
ago, as Jamie Barone’s relationship became serious, he had a discussion with
his girlfriend about changing their relationship status from “single” to “in a
relationship” on their Facebook profiles. Barone describes Facebook as a
“billboard.” The negative side of romance is also publicized. When Spencer
Raymond, twenty-six, changed his Facebook status to single, he inadvertently
hurt his ex-girlfriend. She was barraged with phone calls from several of his
four hundred online friends, an experience he says was uncomfortable for both
of them. “Relationships are hard as it is,” says Raymond. Facebook just “adds to
the pain of a sensitive situation.”
—Zunaira Zaki, “Love and Heartbreak on Facebook,” ABCNews.com
3. Imagine a society without laws. People would not know what to expect from
one another (an area controlled by the law of contracts), nor would they be able
to plan for the future with any degree of certainty (administrative law); they
wouldn’t feel safe knowing that the more powerful or better armed could take
what they wanted from the less powerful (criminal law); and they might not
be able to exercise basic rights which would otherwise be available to them as
citizens of a free nation (constitutional law).
—Frank Schmalleger, Criminal Justice Today
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PRACTICE 3
Choose the word from the list that best describes the problem with each topic sentence.
Correct the problem by revising each sentence.
Announces Incomplete Narrow
Broad Invalid Vague
Example: This paragraph is about television advertisements.
Problem: ______________________________________________________
Revision: ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. I will write about negative political campaigns.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Pollution is a big problem.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Deciding to go to college.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. The subject of this paragraph is cyber bullying.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
________________________________________________________________
5. Politicians are all liars.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
________________________________________________________________
6. The campus coffee shop has red doors.
Problem: ______________________ Revision: ____________________
________________________________________________________________
Answers will vary.
Announces
Television advertisements should be banned
during children’s programming.
Announces
Vague and broad
Incomplete
Announces
Invalid
Narrow
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8
PRACTICE 4
The following paragraphs do not contain topic sentences. Read the paragraphs
carefully, and write appropriate topic sentences for each.
1. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
First, take shorter showers. Five minutes is enough time to get clean. Also, do
the laundry only when there is a full load. When brushing your teeth, don’t
leave the water running. Just turn the water off and on as needed. Finally, ask
your landlord to install toilets that use very little water. Remember that water is
a precious resource.
2. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
First, art education teaches children to be creative thinkers. Early exposure to
art promotes right-brain thinking. Also, art classes help children have a greater
appreciation for the beauty that surrounds them daily. It helps them slow
down and appreciate life. Above all, making art is fun. It provides a stress-free
moment in a child’s day.
There are several steps you can take to reduce your water consumption.
Art education is important in our schools.
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9
PRACTICE 5
College student Romina Herrera brainstormed ideas about compulsory volunteer
work. Her purpose was to persuade, so she created a topic sentence that expressed her
opinion about the issue.
Underline the three ideas from her list that you think are the most compelling and
that most clearly illustrate the point she is making in her topic sentence. Then group
together any related ideas under each of the main subheadings. If any ideas do not
relate to her topic sentence, cross them out.
Topic Sentence: Freshman high school students should be forced to do
community service on weekends.
—in Haiti, youths helped rebuild houses after the earthquake
—during last year’s floods, student volunteers could have helped in shelters
—can provide assistance in times of crisis
—some students are too lazy and don’t want to help anyone else
—Miguel stopped littering after he cleared roadside garbage
—provides a chance to learn about real-world issues with the environment,
poverty, etc.
—can gather food and clothing for the homeless
—some students need to earn money on weekends
—provides a character-building opportunity
—Kelsey developed empathy when she worked at the women’s shelter
—need more shelters for battered women
—Ivan became more generous after working with the homelessTh
Answers will vary.
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PRACTICE 6
Read each paragraph and underline the topic sentence. Then decide what order the
writer used: time, emphatic, or space order. Circle any words or phrases that help you
make your choice.
1. After two months of work, I realized that my job selling a health drink was
actually a pyramid scheme. In the beginning, I answered an online ad promising
great money in sales. I went to the initiation meeting, and there were about twenty
job seekers. Enthusiastic speakers spoke to us about the enormous amounts of
money we would soon be earning. The next day, after a screening process, the
recruiter claimed to choose the best candidates. I now realize that she chose
everybody. Then, a week later, we were asked to invest $200 in our initial samples.
“Sell your drinks and the money will start rolling in,” the recruiter promised.
We could also earn income by recruiting more salespeople. I was nervous, but I
really needed the job, so I put almost all of my savings into those power drinks.
After two months of unsuccessful sales, I understood that the only people making
money were those at the top of the scheme.
—Latonza Hines, student
Order: _______________________________________________________
2. Many factors contribute to racist attitudes. First, there are often higher levels
of racist incidents in societies that have historically had very little contact with
different ethnic groups. According to the writer and political analyst Gwynne
Dyer, such isolated societies may feel threatened when there is an influx of
immigrants. Moreover, racist attitudes become more prevalent when various
ethnic communities do not intermingle. If different cultural communities do not
work and study together, stereotypes about other groups become entrenched.
Most importantly, high levels of poverty contribute to racist reactions; immigrants
become easy and available scapegoats when there is competition for limited jobs.
—Eliot Mandel, student
Order: _______________________________________________________
Time order
Emphatic order
3. Samuel Spade’s jaw was long and bony, his chin a jutting v under the more
flexible v of his mouth. His nostrils curved back to make another, smaller, v. His
yellow-grey eyes were horizontal. The v motif was picked up again by thickish
brows rising outward from twin creases above a hooked nose, and his pale brown
hair grew down—from high flat temples—in a point on his forehead. He looked
rather pleasantly like a blond satan.
—Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon
Order: _______________________________________________________ Space order
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11
PRACTICE 7
Read the following topic sentences. Decide what type of order you can use to develop
the paragraph details. Choose time, emphatic, or space order. (There may be more than
one correct organizational method.)
Example: Repair a water heater with three simple steps. ________________
1. Physical education is essential in public schools. ________________
2. There are three types of terrible bosses. ________________
3. My furnished room has everything a student could need. ________________
4. We had many problems during our camping trip. ________________
5. Carolina Bomback has a very eccentric fashion style. ________________
6. A serious problem in high schools is cyber bullying. ________________
7. The Beatles went through many musical phases. ________________
8. Learning to cook well requires practice, patience,
and perseverance. ________________
time
emphatic
emphatic
space
time
space
emphatic
time
emphatic
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12
PRACTICE 8
The topic sentences in paragraphs 1 and 2 are underlined. For each paragraph, circle
the letter of the most effective concluding sentence, and then explain why the other
choice is not as effective.
Example:
Games are not just for children. Adults should exercise their brains by playing
games. Puzzles and games help keep a person’s mind sharp, especially as the aging
process occurs. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, seniors who play
cards, do board games, and solve crossword puzzles can reduce their risks of developing
dementia. Marcia Wilkins, a senior living in Arlington, Virginia, plays the addictive
number game Sudoku and credits the game with helping her concentration skills.
a. However, do all adults have the time or energy to play games?
b. Ultimately, people need to exercise their brains as much as they exercise their
bodies.
Why is the other choice not as effective?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1. Our state should insist that day care centers provide more flexible hours for
families. Today, in many families, both parents work outside the home. These parents
do not necessarily work from nine to five. For example, nurses and factory employees
work in shifts. It is important for these parents to have flexible day care. Also, many
parents who are in the service and retail industries work on weekends. For these
parents, it is important to have adequate child care facilities during their work hours.
a. The current hours of most day care centers do not meet the needs of a great
number of families.
b. However, maybe day care owners do not want to open on nights and weekends.
Why is the other choice not as effective?
___________________________________________________________
2. College students should find part-time jobs that require them to exercise different
muscles. If a business student spends hours sitting in front of a computer screen,
then he should try to find a job that requires physical activity. If an engineering
student has to do advanced calculus, then maybe her part-time job should allow
her to rest her brain. Students who do a lot of solitary study could try to find jobs
that allow them to interact socially.
a. Some college students should not take part-time jobs because they need to
concentrate on their studies.
b. Humans need to do a variety of activities to be mentally and physically
strong, so college students should keep that in mind when they look for work.
Why is the other choice not as effective?
___________________________________________________________
Answer “a” is a rhetorical question that sends the paragraph
in a different direction.
Sentence “b” contradicts the paragraph’s main message.
Sentence “a” adds an idea that doesn’t fit with the paragraph.
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13
Reflect On It
Think about what you have learned in this chapter. If you do not know an answer,
review that topic.
1. What is a topic sentence? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What is time order? _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What is emphatic order? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What is space order? _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Are the following sentences true or false? Circle the best answer.
5. A paragraph has more than one main idea. True False
6. A paragraph’s details support its topic sentence. True False
7. A paragraph can have several supporting ideas. True False
The topic sentence introduces the topic of the
paragraph and has a controlling idea.
arranging ideas in the sequence in which they occurred
arranging ideas in a logical sequence
arranging ideas to visualize a specific space
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