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Chapter 1
Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. 1) A) a static state with no deviation from preset points B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits C) a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances D) the lowest possible energy usage Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
2) When a baby suckles at its mother’s breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother’s brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________.
2)
A) positive feedback B) negative feedback C) necessary life function D) loss of homeostasis Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
3) You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein which is in the antecubital area. You will search for this vein in the ________.
3)
A) hand B) lateral side of the foot C) proximal arm D) anterior side of the elbow Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
4) Which of the following are survival needs of the body? 4) A) nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction B) water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement C) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen D) nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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5) Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. 5) A) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. B) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
6) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? 6) A) transverse B) median C) frontal D) sagittal Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
7) In which body cavities are the lungs located? 7) A) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral B) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic C) pleural, ventral, and thoracic D) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
8) You are asked to take a person’s heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse ________.
8)
A) at the posterior side of the wrist B) on the posterior side of the knee C) on the palmar side of the hand D) in the distal end of the lower leg Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
9) Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? 9) A) immune B) nervous C) lymphatic D) muscular Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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10) A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. 10) A) regulating glucose levels in the blood B) blood calcium level regulation C) body temperature regulation D) enhancement of labor contractions Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
11) One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective.
11)
A) The chambers of the heart and blood vessels leading to and from the heart are separated by valves composed of fibrous connective tissue. B) The skull is formed by 22 facial and cranial bones. C) The pancreas lies deep to the stomach within the abdominal cavity. D) The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
12) Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.
12)
A) excretion of metabolic waste B) responsiveness C) metabolism D) maintaining boundaries Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
13) Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. 13) A) cells B) cell chemistry C) tissues D) the gross structures of the body Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
14) The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? 14) A) brain B) lungs C) intestines D) liver Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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15) A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.
15)
A) organ B) complex cell C) organ system D) complex tissue Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
16) Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things.
16)
A) Cells are highly ordered and complex. B) Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis. C) Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic. D) Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
17) Generally what is the result of the negative feedback process? 17) A) to keep the body’s blood sugar level high B) to regulate excretion via the kidneys C) to control body movement D) to maintain homeostasis Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
18) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________. 18) A) positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or “ideal” level B) positive feedback provides moment-to-moment wellbeing while negative feedback causes a cascade effect C) positive feedback is critical to health while negative feedback serves only to alert us to potential health threats D) positive feedback is generally beneficial while negative feedback is typically harmful Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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19) Prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit in the category of ________.
19)
A) excretion B) maintaining boundaries C) metabolism D) responsiveness Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
20) Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? 20) A) spinal cord B) thoracic cavity C) vertebral cavity D) cranial cavity Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
21) The coxal joint is most likely found in ________ region of the body. 21) A) hand B) foot C) hip D) groin Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
22) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? 22) A) regional B) transverse C) frontal D) sagittal Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
23) The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity. 23) A) thoracic B) vertebral C) cranial D) ventral E) dorsal Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E)
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24) Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? 24) A) The internal environment is becoming more stable. B) It is considered the cause of most diseases. C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
25) Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person’s brain? 25) A) X ray B) PET C) DSA D) MRI Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
26) Select the most correct statement. 26) A) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. B) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. C) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. D) The immune system and the lymphatic system can be grouped together. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
27) One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective.
27)
A) The extremely thin tissue (simple squamous epithelium) of the lungs allows for the quick diffusion of respiratory gases into and out of the body. B) The direction of blood flow through the heart is directed by one way valves. C) The cell-to-cell connections between heart (cardiac) muscle cells are strong. They hold the tissue together for a life time of forceful contractions. D) The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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28) You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________.
28)
A) on the forehead B) under the tongue C) in the rectum D) in the armpit Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
29) The study of anatomy and physiology assumes and describes a healthy body. Select the description below that does not explain why this approach is useful.
29)
A) A healthy body provides a common standard to compare to. B) Study of a healthy body provides a foundation for a more complete understanding of all human bodies. C) Study of a healthy body is less intimidating and more familiar to new students. D) A healthy body establishes what “normal” is. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
30) Anatomical position is important because ________. 30) A) it provides the greatest circulation to the extremities B) it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships C) it is the position most comfortable to hospital patients D) it allows diagrams within textbooks to display a greater surface area of the body with one simple diagram Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
31) Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished?
31)
A) responsiveness B) movement C) digestion D) growth Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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32) Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. 32) A) Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. B) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. C) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. D) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
33) The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity. 33) A) digestive viscera: inferior B) kidneys and spleen: deep C) stomach and liver: superficial D) heart and lungs: anterior Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
34) Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.
34)
A) control center B) homeostatic balance or “ideal” value C) receptor D) effector Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
35) Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? 35) A) cardiovascular anatomy B) cardiovascular physiology C) renal physiology D) systemic anatomy Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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36) One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. 36) A) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them B) the necessity for all organisms to reproduce C) indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system D) the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
37) The term pollex refers to the ________. 37) A) thumb B) fingers C) calf D) great toe Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
38) It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. 38) A) anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing B) to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology C) it makes for more efficient use of students’ and teachers’ time D) physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
39) Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? 39) A) intestines B) stomach C) liver D) appendix Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
40) The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. 40) A) covering the heart B) covering individual lungs C) lining the thoracic cavity D) lining the abdominal cavity Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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41) Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs
41)
A) 2-1-3-4-5 B) 1-2-3-4-5 C) 1-2-4-3-5 D) 2-1-4-3-5 Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
42) The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.
42)
A) systemic B) developmental C) microscopic D) gross Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
43) In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? 43) A) right upper quadrant B) left upper quadrant C) left lower quadrant D) right lower quadrant Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
44) The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. 44) A) body erect B) palms turned posteriorly C) thumbs pointed laterally D) arms at sides Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
45) Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? 45) A) a transverse cut just above the knees B) any sagittal plane except in the midline C) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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Chapter 5
Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. 1) A) cortex B) cuticle C) external root sheath D) medulla Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)
2) The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
2)
A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes C) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
3) In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
3)
A) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. B) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. C) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. D) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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4) The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer’s anatomy?
4)
A) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection. B) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis. C) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers. D) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
5) The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. 5) A) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C C) primarily uric acid D) metabolic wastes Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
6) Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. 6) A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. B) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. C) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
7) William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
7)
A) the stratum basale but not the dermal layers B) the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper C) the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum D) the papillary layer but not the reticular layer Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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8) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
8)
A) sebaceous and merocrine B) eccrine and apocrine C) holocrine and mammary D) mammary and ceruminous Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
9) What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? 9) A) age and glandular products B) the size and number of hair follicles C) sex and hormones D) nutrition and hormones Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
10) Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
10)
A) by using the “rule of nines” B) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake C) by observing the tissues that are usually moist D) through blood analysis Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
11) Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? 11) A) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. C) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. D) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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12) A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? 12) A) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum D) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)
13) Which glands produce ear wax? 13) A) eccrine glands B) apocrine glands C) merocrine glands D) ceruminous glands Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)
14) Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
14)
A) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet B) in the axillary and anogenital area C) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis D) beneath the flexure lines in the body Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
15) Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison’s disease?
15)
A) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. B) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. C) It is impossible to suggest Addison’s disease from an inspection of a person’s skin. D) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)
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