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Clark: Biotechnology, 2nd Edition
Chapter 1: Basics of Biotechnology
- Which of the following statements has no bearing on cancer?
- As cancer develops, at least two mutations are required.
*b. Mutations on embryonic development are very deleterious.
- For microtumors to continue growing, angiogenesis is required.
- Somatic mutations after the organism reaches maturity may be involved in cancer.
- Which of the following statements about causes of cancer is NOT true?
- Cancer-causing agents are called carcinogens.
- Cancers occur more often in tissues that have growing, dividing cells.
*c. Nerves and muscles grow quickly and account for more than half of all cancers.
- Cigarettes, harmful chemicals, and nuclear radiation may all contribute to cancer.
- Carcinogens are also usually mutagen
- Which of the following happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
- Externals factors that bind to receptors and promote synthesis of cyclin D
- The phase of cell cycle when DNA is replicated and chromosomes are duplicated.
*c. During this phase of cell cycle, the cell increases in size.
- G1 factors prevent the ending of M phase
- Which of the following happen during the S phase of the cell cycle?
- Externals factors that bind to receptors and promote synthesis of cyclin D
*b. The phase of cell cycle when DNA is replicated and chromosomes are duplicated.
- During this phase of cell cycle, the cell increases in size.
- G1 factors prevent the ending of M phase
- Cyclin-dependent kinases are
*a. Factors that bind to cyclin, and then phosphorylate other proteins to initiate the next phase of the cell cycle
- External factors that bind to receptors and promote synthesis of cyclin D
- Proteins that removes phosphates from cyclins and prevents the cell cycle from progressing
- All of the above are correct
- Growth factors are
- Factors that bind to cyclin and then phosphorylate other proteins to initiate the next phase of the cell cycle
*b. External factors that bind to receptors and promote synthesis of cyclin D
- Proteins that remove phosphates from cyclins and prevent the cell cycle from progressing
- A and B are correct
- Which of the following domains are not part of a growth factor receptor?
- Extracellular binding site
- Transmitter region
- Tyrosine kinase domain
*d. Oncogene domain
- The extracellular binding site of a growth factor receptor
*a. Is the portion of the protein that receives its specific signal molecule or growth factor
- Is the hydrophobic portion of the receptor
- Dimerizes and initiates a phosphorylation cascade
- Only attaches to the cell via integrins
- The tyrosine kinase domain of a growth factor receptor
- Is the portion of the protein that receives its specific signal molecule or growth factor
- Is the hydrophobic portion of the receptor
*c. Dimerizes and initiates a phosphorylation cascade after a signal is received
- Only attaches to the cell via integrins
- Susceptibility genes are
- Genes involved in suppressing the growth of cancer
- Genes that cause cancer with a dominant phenotype
*c. Genes passed from one generation to the next that lead to hereditary increased incidence of cancer
- Genes that make you more susceptible to viral infections
- Oncogenes are
- Genes involved in suppressing the growth of cancer
*b. Genes that cause cancer with a dominant phenotype
- Genes passed from one generation to the next that lead to hereditary increased incidence of cancer
- Genes that make you more susceptible to viral infections
- Anti-oncogenes are
*a. Genes involved in suppressing the growth of cancer
- Genes that cause cancer with a dominant phenotype
- Genes passed from one generation to the next that lead to hereditary increased incidence of cancer
- Genes that make you more susceptible to viral infections
- With respect to the growth of cells in culture, which of the following statements is NOT true?
- Healthy cells that pick up DNA from cancerous cells are said to be transformed.
*b. Normal cultured cells grow on top of each other and aggregate into heaps.
- Transformed cell in culture can be injected into mice and tumors will form.
- Cancerous cells exhibit anchorage independence in which they can move around and proliferate in an “incorrect” position in the body.
- Which of the following are NOT factors involved in the control of cell division of specific tissues.
- Transcription factors
- Cell surface receptors
*c. Transport proteins
- Growth factors
- Signal transduction proteins
- Which of the following is NOT true of the oncogenic form of RAS protein?
- It receives signals from outside the cell.
- It binds GTP to turn itself on but cannot split the GTP to turn itself off.
*c. It floods the cell with cell division signals for short periods of time.
- The oncogenic RAS differs from the normal protein at position 12, 13, or 61.
- Oncogenic RAS is frequently detected in cancer of the lung, colon, and thyroid.
- Myc can become an oncogene by which of the following mechanisms?
- A single base change is involved in converting the protein to a form that is always active.
- The myc gene is mistakenly duplicated 50-100 times.
- A chromosomal translocation leaves the gene under control of a much more highly active promoter.
- All of the above.
*e. Some of the above.
- Which of the following statement regarding anti-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes is NOT true?
- Both copies must be mutated in order for cancer to initiate,
- The Rb gene has been named for the rare cancer of the retina.
- Mutations in these genes are recessive.
- Some anti-oncogenes are very tumor specific.
*e. Wild-type anti-oncogene products act directly on oncogene products to suppress cancer.
- The protein, p53, is
- An anti-oncogene activated by another and blocks the action of all cyclins.
*b. An anti-oncogene that gives a dominant negative phenotype.
- An anti-oncogene located on chromosome 16 and blocks the action of cyclin A.
- An anti-oncogene blocks cyclin E, stopping cell cycle just before S phase.
- The protein, p21, is
*a. An anti-oncogene activated by another and blocks the action of all cyclins.
- An anti-oncogene that gives a dominant negative phenotype.
- An anti-oncogene located on chromosome 16 and blocks the action of cyclin A.
- An anti-oncogene blocks cyclin E, stopping cell cycle just before S phase.
- The protein, p16, is
- An anti-oncogene activated by another and blocks the action of all cyclins.
- An anti-oncogene that gives a dominant negative phenotype.
- An anti-oncogene located on chromosome 16 and blocks the action of cyclin A.
*d. An anti-oncogene that blocks cyclin E, stopping cell cycle just before S phase.
- Which of the following is NOT a step in the formation of most colon cancers?
- Mutation in one copy of the p53
*b. Mutation in the Rb anti-oncogene.
- Inactivation of both APC anti-oncogenes.
- Activation of the Ras oncogene.
- Mutations of both DCC anti-oncogenes.
- With respect to inherited susceptibility to cancer, which of the following is NOT true?
- Genes that affect the rate of mutation are inherited and are associated with cancer.
- Inheriting one defective copy of an anti-oncogene is associated with cancer.
*c. 25% of cancers are due to inherited defects.
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 are examples of mutator genes.
- Inheriting 2 defective copies of an anti-oncogene is lethal.
- HTLV-1 can cause which of the following types of cancer?
- Karposiās sarcoma
- Burkittās lymphoma
- Liver cancer
- Cervical cancer, skin cancer
*e. Adult T-cell leukemia
- Hepatitis B can cause which of the following types of cancer?
- Karposiās sarcoma
- Burkittās lymphoma
*c. Liver cancer
- Cervical cancer, skin cancer
- Adult T-cell leukemia
- Epstein-Barr virus can cause which of the following types of cancer?
- Karposiās sarcoma
*b. Burkitt’s lymphoma
- Liver cancer
- Cervical cancer, skin cancer
- Adult T-cell leukemia
- Human herpesvirus 8 can cause which of the following types of cancer?
*a. Karposi’s sarcoma
- Burkitt’s lymphoma
- Liver cancer
- Cervical cancer, skin cancer
- Adult T-cell leukemia
- Human papillomavirus can cause which of the following types of cancer?
- Karposiās sarcoma
- Burkittās lymphoma
- Liver cancer
*d. Cervical cancer, skin cancer
- Adult T-cell leukemia
- Which of the following is a method for generating an oncolytic virus?
- Change the recognition protein of mumps virus so it will bind to p53.
- Change the recognition protein of measles virus so it will bind to p53.
*c. Change the recognition protein of measles virus so it will bind to CD38 or EGFR.
- Change the recognition protein of measles virus so it inhibits cyclin E.
- Change the recognition proteins of mumps virus so it will bind to CD38 or EGFR.
- An anti-cancer therapy targeting PARP would cause .
- an accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) chains
- activation of base excision repair pathways
- decreased apoptosis
- mitotic spindle malformation
*e. an increased incidence of double-strand breaks in the DNA
- Which of the following is a small molecule anti-cancer agent that targets microtubules of the mitotic spindle?
*a. colchicine
- alvocidib
- seliciclib
- anthracycline
- cis-platin
- The Ā is an example of a tumor-suppressor miRNA.
- myc
- p53
*c. miR-34
- miR-21
- STAT3
Clark: Biotechnology, 2nd Edition
Chapter 5: RNA-Based Technologies
- Antisense RNA is a
- RNA that can be found in the ribosome that can carry out catalysis.
*b. RNA with sequence complementary to an mRNA, this RNA will prevent translation.
- Small non-coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression
- Small non-coding RNA that identifies an mRNA and triggers degradation
- Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) are
- RNAs that can be found in the ribosome that can carry out catalysis.
- RNAs with sequence complementary to an mRNA, this RNA will prevent translation.
- Small non-coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression
*d. Small non-coding RNAs that identify an mRNA and trigger its degradation
- MicroRNAs are
- RNAs that can be found in the ribosome that can carry out catalysis.
- RNAs with sequence complementary to an mRNA, this RNA will prevent translation.
*c. Small non-coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression
- Small non-coding RNAs that identify an mRNA and trigger its degradation
- Ribozymes are
*a. RNAs that can be found in the ribosome that can carry out catalysis.
- RNAs with sequence complementary to an mRNA, this RNA will prevent translation.
- Small non-coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression
- Small non-coding RNAs that identify an mRNA and trigger its degradation
- RNAI and RNAII are sense and antisense partners controlling this process.
- Control of HIV gene expression
- Developmental control of nFGF
*c. Control of ColE1 replication
- Control of Neurospora circadian rhythm
- Control of X-chromosome inactivation
- Antisense mRNA binds to cellular mRNA during development of Xenopus laevis and degrades the message.
- Control of HIV gene expression
*b. Developmental control of nFGF
- Control of ColE1 replication
- Control of Neurospora circadian rhythm
- Control of X-chromosome inactivation
- Involves the use of xist
- Control of HIV gene expression
- Developmental control of nFGF
- Control of ColE1 replication
- Control of Neurospora circadian rhythm
*e. Control of X-chromosome inactivation
- Antisense env mRNA binds to the Rev response element, blocking production of protein.
*a. Control of HIV gene expression
- Developmental control of nFGF
- Control of ColE1 replication
- Control of Neurospora circadian rhythm
- Control of X-chromosome inactivation
- Regulated by antisense and sense mRNA for the frq
- Control of HIV gene expression
- Developmental control of nFGF
- Control of ColE1 replication
*d. Control of Neurospora circadian rhythm
- Control of X-chromosome inactivation
- Regulated by antisense and sense mRNA for the frq gene.
- Antisense oligonucleotides may alter aberrant splicing. Which two of the following are examples of human diseases and the gene involved with aberrant splicing.
- The env mRNA in HIV and the antisense oligonucleotides for splice site in beta-globin gene.
*b. The antisense oligonucleotide for Bcl-x splice sites in cancer and the antisense oligonucleotides for splice site in beta-globin gene.
- The antisense oligonucleotide for Bcl-x splice sites in cancer and the antisense oligonucleotide for the env MRNA in HIV.
- None of the above.
- Major challenges to studying the use of antisense technology in the lab include all of the following EXCEPT:
- Nonspecific interactions with other molecules in the cells.
*b. The sensitivity to of dsRNA to RNase H.
- Targeting regions of mRNA that may fold back on themselves.
- The decision to synthesize the oligonucleotides chemically or to clone antisense genes.
- Which of the following delivery methods are used to deliver antisense RNA to cells:
- Liposomes
- Cationic polymers
- Streptolysin
- Scrape loading
*e. All of the above
- Fill-in: With RNA interference (RNAi), ______ triggers _______ to degrade the mRNA into short interfering RNA or siRNA.
- siRNA, dicer
- antisense RNA, slicer
*c. dsRNA, dicer
- miRNA, drosha
- RNAi has been observed in many organisms and given many names prior to the elucidation of the mechanism. Which of the following terms has NOT been a name for RNAi?
- Quelling.
*b. Attenuation.
- Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing.
- Transcriptional Gene Silencing.
- All of the above ARE names for RNAi.
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that modulate gene expression by
- Cutting stem loops.
- Binding to target RNA and blocking translation.
- Blocking to the 3’UTR.
- All of the above.
*e. Some of the above.
- Methods are developed to deliver dsRNA into cells in order to study gene expression. In elegans, which of the following methods is used.
- Feeding them E. coli that is expressing the RNA
- Bathing C. elegans in RNA which they then take up into their bodies.
- Inject the RNA into the worms.
*d. All of the above work to deliver dsRNA to C. elegans.
- Some of the above will work to deliver RNA to C. elegans.
- Studying RNAi is more problematic in human cell culture than in Drosophila or elegans because:
- dsRNA cannot get into the cells
- Interferon is produced triggering RNA degradation.
- A potent antiviral response is triggered to the dsRNA
- All of the above are correct.
*e. Some of the above are correct.
- Ribozymes have been found to carry out which of the following processes.
- Removal of group I introns from other mRNA.
- Degrade RNA, especially the 5′ end of pre-tRNA
- Participate in the replication of viroids and satellite viruses.
*d. All of the above.
- Some of the above.
- Antisense combined with an engineered ribozyme would work in which of the following ways.
- Antisense RNA regions on the ends of the RNA find the target and then RNAse H cleaves it. The product is degraded by the ribozyme.
- Antisense RNA region in the middle of the RNA finds the target and then the ribozymes cleave it.
*c. Antisense RNA regions on the ends of the RNA find the target and then the ribozyme cleaves it.
- All of the above are mechanisms for ribozyme and antisense RNA function.
- None of the above are mechanisms for Ribozyme and antisense RNA function.
- Ribozymes can be evolved in vitro and have gained which of the following activities EXCEPT.
- Catalyzing ligations.
- Adding metal ions.
- Carry out nucleophilic attack at phosphoryl, carbonyl, and alkyl halides.
- Conversion of deoxyribonucleotides to ribonucleotides.
*e. All of the above are activities that evolved ribozymes have gained.
- Riboswitches work by alternating between different RNA secondary structures in an mRNA. Which of the following is NOT true of riboswitch examples
- Many are found in biosynthetic operons of bacteria
*b. With the thiamine riboswitch, the presence of thiamine is required for the production of mRNA.
- There are both attenuator mechanisms affecting transcription and translational mechanisms preventing translation off a full length mRNA
- Riboswitches can be affected by temperature (thermal stress).
- All of the above are true.
- Regulation of miRNA abundance in eukaryotes is aided with the help of Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā .
- miRNA
- snoRNA
- gRNA
- crRNA
*e. circRNA
- ________ rescues stalled ribosomes in bacteria.
- Xist
*b. tmRNA
- piRNA
- snoRNA
- Which of the following RNAs are involved in splicing?
- TERC
*b. snRNA
- gRNA
- miRNA
- ____________ is responsible for transposon silencing in germ lines.
- tmRNA
- circRNA
- tRNA
*d. piRNA
- Dyskeratosis congenital results from a deletion in the protein or RNA portion of telomerase. The RNA portion of telomerase is called and functions Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā .
- TERT; to shorten the telomeres in aging cells
*b. TERC; as a template to increase the length of telomeres
- Xist; to inactive one X chromosome in mammalian females
- piRNA; to silence transposons in germ line cells
- lncRNA; to maintain genome stability
- All of the following statements about the CRISPR system is true except Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā .
- The CRISPR system is not found in eukaryotes.
- CRISPR protects against viruses having either RNA or DNA genomes, hostile plasmids, and transposons.
- CRISPR is based upon memory of short sequences of nucleic acid that are stored on the bacterial chromosome.
*d. CRISPR targets specific sequences on double-stranded RNA.
- Stored sequences within the bacterial genome are transcribed and processed into crRNA that are then used by CAS nucleases as guides to seek and destroy foreign nucleic acid.
- Concerning PTEN expression, which non-coding RNA functions to convert the PTEN genome region into heterochromatin to prevent transcription?
*a. PTENpg1 antisense ?
- PTENpg1 antisense ?
- PTENpg1 sense
- DNMT3A
- EZH2