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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
MULTIPLE CHOICE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the origins of the field of cognitive neuroscience
2. Describe the roots of the debate over localization of function
3. Explain the ways in which brain structure was studied
4. Understand the philosophical origins of cognitive psychology
5. Discuss behaviorism and its principal tenets
6. Explain how and why cognitive psychology came to the forefront of psychological fields
7. Identify the different methods that are used to measure brain function and structure
1. The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her
newborn child,
a. she survived an attempted electrocution.
b. she escaped and later married Thomas Willis, a famous neurologist.
c. she survived an attempted hanging.
d. she escaped and later became a famous neurologist.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Historical Perspective
OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering
2. Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also
a. created very accurate drawings of the brain.
b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures.
c. took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience.
d. all of the above.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Historical Perspective
OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Understanding
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal reasons that Willis is considered one of the early
figures in cognitive neuroscience?
a. he named many brain parts.
b. he dissected the brains of criminals within 21 miles of Oxford.
c. he was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage.
d. he created very accurate brain images.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Perspective
OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Evaluating
4. A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities
a. can be localized to particular parts of the brain.
b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull.
c. are best studied using introspection or the scientific method.
d. can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.
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ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding
5. The discipline of phrenology was founded by
a. Broca and Wernicke. c. Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington.
b. Fritsch and Hitzig. d. Gall and Spurzheim.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
6. Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an
individual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption
that
a. skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath
them, which are responsible for different specific functions.
b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the
shape of the skull in specific ways.
c. life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain
traits, such as aggressiveness.
d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain
areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Localizationist is to ________ as holistic is to ________.
a. Wernicke ; Gall c. Flourens ; Broca
b. Gall ; Flourens d. Broca ; Wernicke
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding
8. Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed because
a. he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed.
b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics.
c. he ought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed.
d. he used his own skull as the base model.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
9. The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior,
is most associated with
a. Broca. c. Brodmann.
b. Hughlings Jackson. d. Flourens.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
10. Willis is to ________ as ________ is to Broca.
a. Flourens ; Spurzheim. c. Gall ; Dax.
b. Spurzheim ; Flourens. d. Dax ; Gall.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Analyzing
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11. In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was that
a. he did not seek disconfirming evidence.
b. he was not a scientist.
c. his method was correlational.
d. all of the above.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Analyzing
12. Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him?
a. You are a domineering person.
b. Your father was a very domineering person.
c. Your brother is a domineering person.
d. Your mother was a very domineering person.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying
13. The view developed by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and
memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as
a. the neuron doctrine. c. rationalism.
b. aggregate field theory. d. the law of effect.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
14. John Hughlings Jackson proposed a ________organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work
with people with ________.
a. holistic ; aphasia c. topographic ; epilepsy
b. topographic ; aphasia d. holistic ; epilepsy
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding
15. ________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be
localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a
given behavior.
a. Broca c. Flourens
b. Hughlings Jackson d. Brodmann
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
16. Which nineteenth-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech
production?
a. Flourens c. Broca
b. Wernicke d. Brodmann
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
17. Paul Broca’s first patient Leborgne was able to produce which of the following words?
a. merci c. trois
b. tan d. Paris
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
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18. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by
Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke?
a. listening to a piano recital c. reading a book aloud
b. appreciating a painting d. playing a game of cards
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying
19. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described
by Carl Wernicke, compared to before his stroke?
a. understanding a speech c. singing a song
b. painting a picture d. riding a horse
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying
20. Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the ________ contributes to language
comprehension.
a. right frontotemporal area c. right temporoparietal area
b. left frontotemporal area d. left temporoparietal area
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying
21. Wernicke is to ________ as Broca is to ________.
a. understanding speech ; speaking
b. speaking ; understanding speech
c. aggregate field theory ; topographic organization
d. aggregate field theory ; aggregate field theory
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
22. As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more
difficulty with ________, whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to
have more difficulty with ________.
a. fine motor control ; the sense of touch
b. the sense of touch ; fine motor control
c. the production of language ; the perception of language
d. the perception of language ; the production of language
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
23. One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are
responsible for them developed rather slowly before the twentieth century is that
a. most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions.
b. investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until the
twentieth century.
c. most early investigators focused on studying the brain–behavior relationship in animals
rather than in humans.
d. there was little interest in this field until the twentieth century.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
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24. Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain that
differed in ________.
a. phrenological ; cytoarchitectonics c. tissue staining ; cytoarchitectonics
b. phrenological ; chronometrics d. tissue staining ; chronometrics
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery in
neuroscience?
a. Edward L. Thorndike c. Camillo Golgi
b. Korbinian Brodmann d. Jan Evangelista Purkinje
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding
26. Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to
discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. More
specifically, they found
a. a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific
movements.
b. a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific
vocalizations.
c. no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific
movements.
d. no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific
vocalizations.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding
27. Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by
a. the structure of their surface convolutions.
b. their structure at the cellular level.
c. the complex functions they perform.
d. the basic functions they perform.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
28. Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different
functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early twentieth century?
a. look at a CAT scan
b. observe the tracts that connect each layer
c. look at patients with damage to those cells
d. look at the layers under a microscope
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Applying
29. The neuroanatomist who described fifty-two distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and
arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was
a. Purkinje. c. Brodmann.
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b. Helmholtz. d. Hyde.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
30. Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common
cytoplasm?
a. synapse c. striatum
b. syncytium d. claustrum
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
31. La reazione nera, or “the black reaction,” refers to
a. a cell stain developed by Golgi.
b. a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists.
c. a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki.
d. a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
32. Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century?
a. Paul Broca c. Gustav Theodor Fritsch
b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón y Cajal
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
33. Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”?
a. The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers.
b. The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet
functionally interactive.
c. The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive.
d. The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding
34. The neuron doctrine is usually credited to ________, who used a staining technique pioneered by
________.
a. Purkinje ; Brodmann c. Golgi ; Ramón y Cajal
b. Brodmann ; Purkinje d. Ramón y Cajal ; Golgi
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
35. The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he
a. developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons.
b. showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically
interconnected neuronal units.
c. discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size.
d. demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby
muscle cells.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story
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36. The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between
a. a blood vessel and surrounding neurons.
b. two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain.
c. two adjacent neurons.
d. an axon and the cell body of a neuron.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story
OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering
37. Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge
a. originates from sensory experience.
b. must be experimentally tested.
c. must be deduced and justified through reason.
d. is globally distributed in the cortex.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering
38. Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge
a. must be deduced and justified through reason.
b. originates from sensory experience.
c. must be experimentally tested.
d. is globally distributed in the cortex.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering
39. Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?
a. It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill.
b. It was a foundation for the associationist–behaviorist school of psychology.
c. It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought.
d. It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Understanding
40. Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to
demonstrate that
a. different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits.
b. in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
c. behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus–response relationships.
d. internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Analyzing
41. All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second
half of the 20th century EXCEPT
a. new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence.
b. a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism.
c. Chomsky’s work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition.
d. Miller’s work showing that internal processes like short-term memory can be quantified.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story
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42. Thorndike’s law of effect
a. stated that much knowledge is innately specified due to natural selection.
b. was written to oppose Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
c. stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again.
d. was written to oppose the behaviorists.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Remembering
43. Empiricism is to ________ as rationalism is to ________.
a. Locke and Hume ; Descartes and Kant
b. Locke and Descartes ; Hume and Kant
c. Descartes and Kant ; Locke and Hume
d. Hume and Kant ; Locke and Descartes
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Understanding
44. John Watson famously argued that newborn babies
a. are incapable of forming memories.
b. have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins.
c. can be raised to become anything.
d. will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Analyzing
45. According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory
a. can be understood by combining different pieces of information.
b. are best understood in terms of a stimulus’s emergent properties.
c. cannot be measured because they are not behaviors.
d. can be measured in an analytic fashion.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Evaluating
46. According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards?
a. They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain.
b. They help to stamp things into the mind.
c. They lead to adaptive learning.
d. They are part of the law of effect.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Evaluating
47. “Cells that fire together, wire together” was first proposed by Donald Hebb as an explanation for
a. epileptic seizures and their effects.
b. associations made by the law of effect.
c. the way in which the brain codes new learning.
d. amnesia caused by brain damage.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Understanding
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48. Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is ________, in contrast to B. F.
Skinner’s assertion that languages are ________.
a. innate ; learned c. universal ; rational
b. learned ; universal d. rational ; innate
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering
49. Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the
latter part of the twentieth century?
a. Noam Chomsky c. George A. Miller
b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Claude Shannon
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story
OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering
50. Which of the following people played the LEAST direct role in the development of the
electroencephalogram?
a. Hans Berger c. Richard Canton
b. Willem Einthoven d. Hermann von Helmholtz
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Instruments of Neuroscience
OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Analyzing
51. You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods could
you use?
a. listen to the blood flow across veins
b. look at red blood cells under a microscope
c. measure the amount of iron in the blood
d. none of the above
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience
OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Applying
52. Computer axial tomography is to MRI as ________ is to ________.
a. x-ray ; radio frequencies c. blood oxygenation ; x-ray
b. structure ; function d. radiation ; dipoles
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience
OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Analyzing
53. Which of the following methods measures the BOLD signal?
a. magnetic resonance imaging
b. functional Magnetic resonance imaging
c. computerized axial tomography
d. electroencephalogram
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience
OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific
areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.
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ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Remembering
2. Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Understanding
3. Describe the main tenets of the Neuron Doctrine.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Remembering
4. Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make what
claims about the brain?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Remembering
5. A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are independent
or integrated. Which of these two viewpoints is most valid? Present evidence to support your view.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Evaluating
6. Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best
describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4
MSC: Remembering
7. Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology.
ANS:
Answers will vary
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DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4
MSC: Understanding
8. Why is Noam Chomsky seen as having a major influence on cognitive psychology?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4
MSC: Remembering
9. Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7
MSC: Remembering
10. Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention
the two fields that combined to create this new field of study.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: A Historical Perspective OBJ: LO 4
MSC: Remembering
11. You would like to understand at what point in time an event took place in the brain. What
neuroimaging method would you choose? Explain why you would choose this method and what
information you would be missing.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Easy REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7
MSC: Understanding
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
MULTIPLE CHOICE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the stages and mechanisms of auditory signal transduction from the ear to primary auditory
cortex, and understand how interaural processing aids sound localization
2. Explain the stages and mechanisms of olfactory signal transduction from nose to primary olfactory and
orbitofrontal cortices, and understand how airflow is used in olfaction
3. Explain the stages and mechanisms of gustatory signal transduction from mouth to primary gustatory
and orbitofrontal cortices, and the role of orbitofrontal cortex in food reward
4. Understand the types of stimulation that activate corpuscles, nociceptors, and nerve cells at muscle and
tendon junctions, and that S1’s sensory homunculus is plastic and reflects differences in somatosensory
sensitivity across the body
5. Explain the stages and mechanisms of visual signal transduction from retina to V1 and subcortical
structures
6. Understand cell receptive fields and retinotopic maps
7. Describe the functionality of distinct visual cortex regions and their cell responses
8. Understand that activity in higher visual areas is more closely related to our percept than primary
visual cortex activity
9. Explain the impact of lesions to the superior colliculus, visual cortex, V4, and V5
10. Describe the role of multisensory neural responses and multimodal processing, and the scenarios that
produce them
11. Describe synesthesia and its neural correlates
12. Describe the cortical reorganization that can occur after sensory deprivation, including visual cortex
plasticity in blind individuals
1. In the auditory system, the conversion of sound waves into action potentials occurs in the
a. ganglion cells. c. cochlear nucleus.
b. eardrum. d. hair cells.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Understanding
2. In the auditory system, the basilar membrane is located within the
a. cochlea. c. pinna.
b. eardrum. d. middle ear.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Remembering
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3. High-frequency sounds primarily activate hair cells at the ________ of the cochlea, whereas lowfrequency
sounds primarily activate hair cells at the ________ of the cochlea.
a. base (thicker end) ; apex (thinner end) c. superior end ; inferior end
b. apex (thinner end) ; base (thicker end) d. inferior end ; superior end
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Remembering
4. Vision is to the ________ as audition is to the ________.
a. medial geniculate nucleus ; lateral geniculate nucleus
b. lateral geniculate nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus
c. medial geniculate nucleus ; cochlear nucleus
d. cochlear nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Sensation: Early Perceptual Processing
OBJ: LO 1 | LO 5 MSC: Understanding
5. The primary auditory cortex is located in the
a. medial geniculate nucleus. c. lateral geniculate nucleus.
b. inferior temporal lobe. d. superior temporal lobe.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Remembering
6. The two cues that barn owls use to localize sounds are
a. echolocation and interaural time.
b. interaural time and interaural intensity.
c. interaural intensity and interaural frequency.
d. interaural frequency and echolocation.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Remembering
7. Konishi’s model of spatial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using
________, whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using ________.
a. relative rate of firing ; coincidence detectors
b. coincidence detectors ; relative rate of firing
c. unimodal processing ; multimodal integration
d. multimodal integration ; unimodal processing
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Audition OBJ: LO 1
MSC: Understanding
8. Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to
the cortex?
a. audition c. gustation
b. olfaction d. somatosensation
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Sensation: Early Perceptual Processing
OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering
9. How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium?
a. two c. five
b. four d. more than five
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
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10. The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the ________ and ________ lobes.
a. frontal ; temporal c. temporal ; occipital
b. frontal ; parietal d. parietal ; occipital
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Remembering
11. The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses?
a. proprioception c. olfaction
b. vision d. audition
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Remembering
12. Neurons in the olfactory bulb demonstrate an extensive amount of convergence and divergence. This
means that neurons in this system
a. sometimes fire synchronously and asynchronously with respect to each other.
b. project to, and receive input from, a large number of other neurons.
c. synapse onto their own presynaptic neurons, creating feedback loops.
d. send output to regions of the brain both near and far from the olfactory epithelium.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Understanding
13. After modeling the quick habituation found in the olfactory system, Sobel’s fMRI research suggested
that
a. the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing, and the orbitofrontal cortex is related to
smell.
b. the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing, and the primary olfactory cortex is related to
smell.
c. the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the primary olfactory
cortex is related to smell but not sniffing.
d. the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the orbitofrontal
cortex is related to smell but not sniffing.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Understanding
14. Which of the following is a documented asymmetry in the olfactory system?
a. The number of receptor types in the left olfactory epithelium is 10 times greater than in the
right olfactory epithelium.
b. The cortical volume of the primary olfactory cortex is larger on the right side than on the
left in right-handed people.
c. The nasal passage in one nostril is larger than the other nostril, and this switches back and
forth every few hours.
d. Although the left nostril projects to both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the right
nostril projects only to the right hemisphere.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Remembering
15. Of the following choices, the strongest evidence for a link between the sense of smell and the
triggering of memories is the observation that
Cognitive
Neuroscience,
4e,
Gazzaniga,
Ivry,
Mangun,
with
Hernandez
and
Coutanche
a. the olfactory cortex has direct connectivity to the limbic cortex.
b. the olfactory cortex has direct connectivity to area MT.
c. people with damage to the basal ganglia have compromised odor recognition.
d. people with damage to the cerebellum have compromised odor recognition.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Olfaction OBJ: LO 2
MSC: Understanding
16. The basic taste umami is experienced when eating foods rich in
a. fat. c. carbohydrates.
b. protein. d. minerals.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Gustation OBJ: LO 3
MSC: Remembering
17. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes?
a. Acid c. Sweet
b. Bitter d. Umami
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Gustation OBJ: LO 3
MSC: Remembering
18. The primary gustatory cortex is located in the
a. thalamus and hypothalamus. c. pons and medulla.
b. hippocampus and amygdala. d. insula and operculum.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Gustation OBJ: LO 3
MSC: Remembering
19. The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
a. somatosensation and vision c. olfaction and gustation
b. vision and audition d. somatosensation and proprioception
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Gustation OBJ: LO 3
MSC: Remembering
20. In which of the following brain areas might you expect an expert taster such as a chef or sommelier to
have unique patterns of neural connectivity?
a. the superior temporal gyrus c. the orbitofrontal cortex
b. area MT d. the basal ganglia
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Gustation OBJ: LO 3
MSC: Applying
