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Sample Chapters
1. Which of the following were prisons established by the Church in the Middle Ages for those involved in offensive acts such as incest and magic?
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2. Who believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose?
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3. Where would vagrants, beggars, and delinquents be forced to work by way of discipline and punishment?
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4. The first formal legal code was the:
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5. Who was an English sheriff who advocated jail reform?
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6. Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?
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7. Which state led the way in repealing the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and punishment?
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8. A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.
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9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the reformatory model?
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10. Which penal system is based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration?
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11. Who felt strongly about the merits of the reformatory model?
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12. Which was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity?
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| 13. The ____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries. It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel were stationed.
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14. Which of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons?
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15. Which of the following is NOT a privately run prison corporation?
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16. The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention.
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17. The state believes that in order for an offenders’ behavior to change, punishment should:
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18. Punishment that is based on “getting even” for violating the social contract is known as:
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19. Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:
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20. The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must:
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21. Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?
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22. Which is the goal of punishment that is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?
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23. Which goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to restrain them physically so during the time they are confined society is protected?
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24. What is the name of the policy that promotes sentencing repeat offenders to long prison terms while granting first-time and nonviolent offenders shorter and more lenient sentences?
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25. Which aspect of sentencing views those who violate the law as “society’s victims”?
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26. Which goal of sentencing has its roots in the concept that something has to be done to make amends for the harm or loss caused?
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27. Law is created by the ____________________ branch of government.
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28. The interpretation of laws is done by the ____________________ branch of government.
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29. The setting of justice policy is aided by the ____________________ branch of government
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30. In the United States, there are ____________________ law enforcement agencies than correctional agencies.
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31. The justice system is expensive to run because its employees number about:
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32. The work of Robert Martinson and colleagues failed to find supportive data for which of the following goals of punishment?
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33. The correctional population continues to:
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34. Which of the following is a challenge facing the ability of corrections to function as a system?
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35. Prison building is often a boom to many communities who view the institution(s) as:
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36. The United States is now engaging in:
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| During the sentencing phase in his courtroom, Judge Jones gives a little speech to all the defendants who are found guilty of a crime. He does this to explain to the defendants the goals and the philosophy of punishment. |
37. Judge Jones invites juveniles into his courtroom during sentencing hearings so they will understand that people who continue to commit crimes will be punished for their actions. He does this because he is a firm believer that punishment should be public. Judge Jones also believes that punishments should be immediate and necessary. Whose principles does Judge Jones advocate?
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38. Jane is being sentenced for the crime of vehicular manslaughter. She got into a car accident one morning while she was texting her boyfriend and driving on her way to work. The judge wants to use Jane as an example that texting while driving is very dangerous. He sentences her to five years in prison, hoping that others will be discouraged from also texting while driving. The goal of Jane’s punishment is:
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39. Jerry was found guilty of armed robbery. This is his fourth conviction for the same crime, and he appears to be getting more violent in his attempts. Judge Jones tells Jerry that he is too dangerous to remain free in society and he must be sentenced to prison to restrain him. Judge Jones’ reason for his 25-year prison sentence is:
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40. Janice pleads guilty to grand theft and forgery. She has an addiction to prescription painkillers and stole money from her employer to support her addiction. Judge Jones believes that Janice should be helped and treated rather than condemned and punished. He sentences her to a residential drug treatment program under the supervision of a probation officer. This sentence is based on the goal of sentencing of:
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41. Sam is a 20-year-old college student. He was out one night with some friends. He succumbed to the peer pressure of his new friends, and they decided to vandalize vehicles by smashing in the windows and slicing the tires. Sam has never been in trouble before. His friends with him that night all had lengthy criminal records. The judge decides not to cast out Sam from society. He wants to give Sam the opportunity to remain in good standing and continue with college. Sam is sentenced to community service and is required to pay for the damage of the vehicles. This sentence is based on the goal of:
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| Sally is a new recruit in a state correctional academy class. She has no prior knowledge of the criminal justice system and has never been in a prison before. During the first week of class she learns the fundamentals of the criminal justice system and, specifically, the correctional system. |
42. Based on what Sally learned in her first week in the academy, which would not be one of the agencies of justice?
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43. Sally has the ultimate goal of working in the office of community supervision that offenders are placed with after a period of incarceration. Which element of the correctional system does she aspire to work in?
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44. Sally is surprised to learn that many suspects are released before trial because the case is dismissed by the prosecutor. This is the practice of:
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45. If Sally graduates from the academy, she will end up working for the state that has the largest correctional population. Which state is this?
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46. The corrections academy is intent on producing quality officers who are committed to professionalism. Which of the following is NOT one of the qualities that Sally should possess?
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47. During the Middle Ages, criminals were seen as menaces to the community and as insults to God.
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48. Montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the social contract.
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49. Beccaria and Bentham both believed that the goal of the state should be deterrence, not revenge.
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50. John Howard was responsible for building the first prison in the United States, the Heritage House, in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1794.
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51. The Irish Mark System, developed by Lawrence Driscoll in 1794, established probation and parole requirements for Irish-born offenders in what were now English-ruled colonies.
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52. Maconochie succeeded far better than could be anticipated with his “mark” system, but the political unpopularity of what he was doing eventually resulted in his recall to England.
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53. The harsh environments of the early prisons led to mental breakdowns, suicides, and self-mutilations.
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54. Maconochie’s mark system used in Norfolk Island was politically popular in England.
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55. The first large prisons to hold convicted criminals can be traced back to European dungeons of the Middle Ages.
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56. The Auburn cellblock became a model for prisons in several European countries.
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57. Under the medical model, the prison would become an analogue to the hospital.
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58. The tactics used to achieve correctional goals have shifted from one generation to the next.
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59. The justification for punishment does not express public outrage.
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60. Restorative justice is grounded in the concept that the government should surrender its control over responses to crime to the victim, the offender, and the community.
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61. The philosophy of general deterrence focuses on the fact that individual offenders should learn firsthand that crime does not pay when they experience harsh criminal penalties.
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62. Incapacitation is based on being able to predict the future needs of the offender, not on the gravity of the current offense.
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63. The executive branch has the right to overturn or ban policies that are in conflict with constitutional rights.
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64. The U.S. prison population has increased nearly fivefold since 1980.
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65. Prison crowding leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous.
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66. Government figures show that an African American male born today has a one in three chance of spending at least a year in prison at some point in his life.
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67. For African American children, one of every 14 has a parent behind bars on any given day.
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68. Houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers are known as ____________________.
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69. ____________________ was the first English prison reformer.
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70. A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.
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71. The ____________________ was held in Cincinnati in 1870 to present progressive ideas about corrections.
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72. The ____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries.
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73. Some lasting contributions of the ____________________ are indeterminate sentences, the payment of inmates for work, the supervision of inmates in the community, and a system of behavior modification.
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74. ____________________ developed the “scamp” system at the Norfolk Prison colony in Virginia.
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75. According to the ____________________ philosophy, punishment is justified only when it conforms to what the guilty deserve, no more and no less.
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76. The ____________________ is the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing similar acts.
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77. Identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long-term incarceration is known as ____________________.
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78. The ____________________ aspect of sentencing suggests that people who violate the law are “society’s victims.”
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79. The ____________________ goal of sentencing is designed to reintegrate the criminal offender back into the community.
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80. The ____________________ means that convicted offenders must pay back their victims for their loss, the justice system for costs related to processing their cases, and society for the disruptions caused because of their crimes.
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81. ____________________ rely on careful analysis of program outcomes using scientifically approved methods and are designed to discover which programs work with which offenders.
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82. The ____________________ appropriates funds for criminal justice agencies, thereby shaping their structure and mission.
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83. A formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in the case is called ____________________.
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84. The ____________________ is the region in the United States with the highest rate of imprisonment.
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85. ____________________ is a term given to the high rates of incarceration in the United States.
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86. One of the major challenges affecting the ability of corrections to function as a system is overload.
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87. The consequences of prison ____________________ are that it leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous places to work.
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88. Discuss the three Enlightenment philosophers whose philosophical ideals contributed to modern corrections.
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89. Explain the theoretical constructs of the Classical School of thought.
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90. Discuss the punishments used during the Middle Ages.
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91. Discuss some of the first correctional institutions used prior to the penitentiary.
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92. Explain the significance of the Pennsylvania Prison Society for the development of corrections.
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93. Who was John Howard and how did he contribute to corrections?
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94. Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania prison model with the Auburn Silent System.
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95. How did the reformatory contribute to the rehabilitation model?
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96. Provide the justifications for punishment in modern society. Be complete.
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97. What is the difference between specific and general deterrence? Discuss at least two points.
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98. List and define the four elements of the correctional system.
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99. Discuss at least three major challenges affecting the ability of corrections to function.
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100. What has been done to improve professionalism in the corrections system.
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