Test Bank For Cultural Anthropology, 3/E 3rd Edition by Nancy Bonvillain

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Test Bank
Chapter Two
In this revision of the testbank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in
Cultural Anthropology, 3e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the
questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual
(recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied
(application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are
now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of
these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six
levels are:
REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material
UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas
APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation
ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their
interrelationship
EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment
CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas
The 92 questions in this chapter’s testbank are divided into two types of questions.
Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (one third are “Remember”
questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are
the most demanding because they include the four highest levels of cognitive reasoning
(from “Apply” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.
Types of Questions
Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty
Multiple Choice Essay Total Questions
Remember 35 0 35
Understand 12 0 12
Apply 14 3 17
Analyze 13 4 17
Evaluate 6 3 9
Create 0 2 2
80 12 92
MULPITLE CHOICE
1. Who offered the first definition of culture in anthropology: “Culture is the complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society?”
a. Marvin Harris
b. Edward Tylor
c. Alfred Kroeber
d. A. R. Radcliff-Brown
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 20)
2. The Tibetan narrative describing the origin of the Tibetan people and two ethnic groups who live near
them tells us that __________.
a. Tibetans regard themselves as people of courage and kindness
b. Tibetans dislike their neighbors, the Chinese and Tartars
c. Tibetans bury their dead in coffins
d. Tibetans regard themselves as being descended from a different founder than the Chinese and Tartars
(ANALYZE; answer: a; page 20)
3. __________ refers to the information people have that enables them to function in their social and
physical environments.
a. Survival skills
b. Social intelligence
c. Culture
d. Cultural knowledge
(REMEMBER; answer: d; page 21)
4. By the 1950’s, Kroeber and Kluckhohn had found more than __________ definitions of culture in
anthropological literature.
a. 20
b. 50
c. 100
d. 150
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 21)
5. All definitions of culture include reference to __________.
a. the biological elements of culture
b. selectively shared knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs
c. economic forces as a role in shaping culture
d. survival of the fittest
(APPLY; answer: b; page 21)
6. __________ is/are sets of behaviors that allow people to function successfully within their environments
and societies.
a. Cultural skills
b. Cultural knowledge
c. Cultural models
d. Norms
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 21)
7. Shared assumptions that people have about the world and about the ideal culture are termed __________.
a. cultural knowledge
b. norms
c. cultural models
d. definitions of culture
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 22)
8. Sets of expectations and attitudes that people have about appropriate behavior is/are __________.
a. cultural models
b. norms
c. cultural knowledge
d. cultural skills
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 22)
9. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of culture?
a. shared
b. learned
c. based on symbols
d. abstract
(REMEMBER; answer: d; page 22)
10. The behaviors, attitudes, and ideas formed through interaction with others describes which
characteristic of culture?
a. shared
b. learned
c. integrated
d. adaptive
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 22)
11. __________ help to reduce, but do not eliminate, conflict and disagreement in societies.
a. Contracts
b. Laws
c. Cultural models
d. Cultural Skills
(APPLY; answer: c; page 22)
12. Behaviors that vary from expected norms in a society are called __________.
a. criminal
b. deviant
c. immoral
d. abnormal
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 22)
13. Body piercings and tattooing among teenagers can be considered an example of __________.
a. deviant behavior
b. revolution
c. revitalization
d. reactive adaptation
(APPLY; answer: a; page 22)
14. Which of the following is NOT a significant variable for the norms people within a society are expected
to follow?
a. age
b. gender
c. social position
d. political party
(EVALUATE; answer: d; pages 22-23)
15. A group whose members and others think of their way of life as in some significant way different from
that of other people in the larger society.
a. minority
b. subculture
c. ethnicity
d. deviants
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 23)
16. Hasidic families in contemporary America, who are distinguished through ethnic background and
religious beliefs and practices, are considered __________.
a. insignificant
b. a race
c. a subculture
d. an ethnicity
(APPLY; answer: c; page 23)
17. __________ is the process of learning one’s culture through informal observation and formal
instruction.
a. Enculturation
b. Acculturation
c. Behaviorism
d. Observation
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 24)
18. __________ teaches people when and how to acceptably fulfill biological needs within their societies.
a. School
b. Enculturation
c. Subculture
d. Adaptation
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 24)
19. The idea that culture is __________ is illustrated by the story of Heidi Neville, who returned to
Vietnam after being adopted by an American at the age of 7.
a. shared
b. learned
c. adaptive
d. symbolic
(EVALUATE; answer: b; pages 24-25)
20. Norms specifying behaviors that are prohibited in a culture are __________.
a. crimes
b. mores
c. taboos
d. conventions
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 25)
21. A common form of taboo found in every culture is __________ taboos.
a. wealth
b. learning
c. knowledge
d. food
(ANALYZE; answer: d; page 25)
22. Ideas about how many meals to have, when to have them, and which kinds of food to eat at each meal
are examples of __________.
a. taboos
b. customs
c. norms
d. symbols
(ANALYZE; answer: c; page 25)
23. The learned aspect of culture is most dramatically apparent in __________.
a. men
b. women
c. cross-cultural meetings
d. children
(APPLY; answer: d; pages 25-26)
24. Practices by which people organize their work and produce food and other goods necessary for their
survival.
a. cultural core
b. economy
c. norms
d. mores
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 26)
25. When it is said that __________, most anthropologists mean that culture is the means by which people
survive in their particular environment.
a. culture is important
b. culture is shared
c. culture is adaptive
d. culture is basic
(APPLY; answer: c; page 26)
26. Technology is a primary way in which culture is __________.
a. profitable
b. altered
c. maladaptive
d. adaptive
(APPLY; answer: d; page 26)
27. A common scenario is one in which cultural practices are __________ in the short term but
__________ in the long term.
a. adaptive, maladaptive
b. maladaptive, adaptive
c. accepted, taboo
d. taboo, accepted
(APPLY; answer: a; pages 26-27)
28. Irrigation in ancient Sumer, the Industrial Revolution, and agriculture in the Amazonian rainforest are
all examples of __________.
a. the successful use of technology to overcome difficulties in the long run
b. short-term failures
c. cultural practices with long-term maladaptive results
d. cultural stagnation
(ANALYZE; answer: c; pages 26-27)
29. Kuru is a __________ that first appeared among the Fore of New Guinea.
a. virus
b. neurological disease
c. cult
d. agricultural innovation
(REMEMBER; answer: b; pages 27-28)
30. Both kuru and mad cow disease are caused by __________ ingested from infected meat.
a. prions
b. a virus
c. bacteria
d. heavy metals
(UNDERSTAND; answer: a; pages 27-28)
31. Kuru was prevalent in Fore women and children because __________.
a. they did most farm labor
b. they, and not men, engaged in ritual cannibalism
c. men tended to eat less pork than women or children
d. there was no prenatal care available until the 1960s
(UNDERSTAND; answer: b; pages 27-28)
32. Both kuru and mad cow disease were the result of attempts to __________ which resulted in
unintentionally maladaptive practices.
a. change food taboos
b. avoid disease
c. innovate in economic strategies
d. innovate in meat production
(ANALYZE; answer: c; pages 27-28)
33. __________ refers to the tendency for people’s beliefs and practices to form a relatively coherent and
consistent system.
a. Cultural logic
b. Cultural integration
c. Cultural core
d. Cultural norms
(UNDERSTAND; answer: b; page 28)
34. Cultures are __________ is another way to say that cultures are integrated.
a. premeditated
b. planned
c. random
d. patterned
(ANALYZE; answer: d; page 28)
35. Which of the following statements about cultural integration is false?
a. All aspects of a given culture are internally consistent and integrated with all the other aspects of the
culture.
b. Economic activities are usually integrated with, affect, and are affected by other kinds of activities.
c. The work of obtaining food, services, and goods is often performed by people in particular social and
gender roles.
d. Policies formulated by political agencies tend to be consistent with particular economic consequences.
(EVALUATE; answer: a; pages 28-29)
36. In America, women’s rates of employment began to rise after __________.
a. suffrage
b. World War I
c. World War II
d. The 1960’s
(UNDERSTAND; answer: c; pages 29-30)
37. In America, the growing financial equality of women with men led to __________.
a. an increase in divorces
b. an increase in average family size
c. an increase in home ownership
d. the two-car family
(UNDERSTAND; answer: a; pages 29-30)
38. In the twentieth century the increase in women’s employment has led to __________.
a. women receiving the right to vote
b. increasingly flexible roles for men in society
c. full equality for women with men
d. the surprising reinforcement of traditional gender roles
(APPLY; answer: b; pages 29-30)
39. A word, image, or object that stands for cultural beliefs or sentiments.
a. symbol
b. sign
c. character
d. script
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 30)
40. __________ is NOT a pervasive and powerful symbolic system.
a. Language
b. Religion
c. Gender
d. Health
(APPLY; answer: d; page 30)
41. Afro-lingua __________ the basic assumptions encoded in the ordinary speech of European colonizers
of the Caribbean.
a. replicates
b. symbolically reinforces
c. symbolically challenges
d. ignores
(UNDERSTAND; answer: c; page 30)
42. Naturalized concepts are one of the main sources for __________.
a. ethnocentrism
b. intercultural disagreement
c. cultural innovation
d. intercultural understanding
(ANALYZE; answer: a; page 30)
43. Western Apache communication styles __________.
a. are very similar to Anglo-American communication styles
b. are in many ways opposed to Anglo-American communication styles
c. are more flamboyant than Anglo-American communication styles
d. are considered invasive by many Anglo-Americans
(ANALYZE; answer: b; page 31)
44. Ideas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or
natural.
a. norms
b. cultural cores
c. symbolic systems
d. naturalized concepts
(REMEMBER; answer: d; page 31)
45. Which of the following is a naturalized concept in western societies?
a. That men and women are absolutely opposed gender sets.
b. That collective action is always beneficial.
c. That all persons wish to acquire greater wealth.
d. That Christianity is the only true religion.
(EVALUATE; answer: c; page 31)
46. An alternative cultural model within a society that expresses different views about the way that society
should be organized is a/an __________.
a. subculture
b. resistance movement
c. counterculture
d. alternative lifestyle
(ANALYZE; answer: c; page 32)
47. In Bedouin society women use __________ to pose symbolic challenges to male domination.
a. coded language
b. song and poetry
c. household decoration
d. clothing
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 32)
48. A culture-based, often ethnocentric, way that people see the world and other people is a __________.
a. worldview
b. bias
c. prejudice
d. model culture
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 32)
49. A __________ is an example of how culture organizes the way people think about the world.
a. cultural core
b. set of norms
c. worldview
d. symbol
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 32)
50. Direct interaction or __________ between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade,
invasion, or conquest is an important source of cultural borrowing.
a. syncretism
b. culture contact
c. acculturation
d. enculturation
(ANALYZE; answer: b; page 33)
51. __________ is a process by which a new cultural product is created by the selective borrowing of
elements from other cultures.
a. Culture contact
b. Appropriation
c. Syncretism
d. Cultural evolution
(UNDERSTAND; answer: c; page 33)
52. Santeria is a syncretic religion that borrows elements from traditional Afro-Caribbean beliefs and
__________.
a. Islam
b. Lutheranism
c. Roman Catholicism
d. Voodoo
(UNDERSTAND; answer: c; page 33)
53. A more proper name for Santeria is __________.
a. “Way of the Saints”
b. Voodoo
c. Goddess Worship
d. New Age
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 33)
54. The process by which a less numerous and less powerful cultural group changes its ways and cultural
identity to blend in with the dominant culture is referred to as __________.
a. cultural pluralism
b. assimilation
c. acculturation
d. enculturation
(UNDERSTAND; answer: b; page 33)
55. Conquest and colonization are examples of __________.
a. cultural evolution
b. culture contact
c. assimilation
d. forced assimilation
(APPLY; answer: d; page 33)
56. __________ is the process by which a group adjusts to living within a dominant culture while at the
same time maintaining its original cultural identity.
a. Cultural pluralism
b. Acculturation
c. Assimilation
d. Syncretism
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 33)
57. One example of acculturation is __________ in American society.
a. Anglo-Americans
b. Irish-Americans
c. Native Americans
d. the Amish
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 33)
58. The condition in a stratified society in which many diverse groups ideally live together equally and
harmoniously without losing their cultural identities and diversity is __________.
a. cultural evolution
b. acculturation
c. syncretism
d. cultural pluralism
(REMEMBER; answer: d; pages 33-34)
59. Early anthropologists believed in __________, or the idea that all societies advance through improved
stages over time, going from primitive to more advanced forms of society.
a. cultural evolution
b. progress
c. modernization
d. civilization
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 34)
60. The Tiv are farmers who live in __________.
a. Malaysia
b. South Africa
c. Nigeria
d. Brazil
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 34)
61. Complex culture change, both internal and external, based on industrialism and a transnational market
economy is called __________.
a. globalization
b. social evolution
c. culture history
d. modernization
(APPLY; answer: d; page 34)
62. The Tiv elders’ interpretation of Laura Bohannon’s telling of Hamlet could be attributed to all of the
following EXCEPT __________.
a. worldview
b. naturalized concepts
c. ethnocentrism
d. ignorance
(EVALUATE; answer: d; pages 34-35)
63. One problem that Laura Bohannon encountered in telling the story of Hamlet to the Tiv was
__________.
a. the Tiv did not believe it was correct behavior from a man to marry was brother’s widow
b. the Tiv did not believe in ghosts
c. the Tiv thought Hamlet was the villain
d. the Tiv did not believe in witches
(UNDERSTAND; answer: b; pages 34-35)
64. Social Darwinism is most compatible with which of the following ideas?
a. cultural evolution
b. ethnogenesis
c. culture history
d. globalization
(ANALYZE; answer: a; page 35)
65. The most apt term to describe cultural change over time is __________.
a. cultural evolution
b. social Darwinism
c. ethnogenesis
d. culture history
(REMEMBER; answer: d; page 36)
66. Which of the following is the best definition of ethnogenesis?
a. The origination of first culture, from which all other cultures are descended.
b. The spread of a cultural trait from its point of invention to other cultures.
c. A process in which people develop, define, and direct their own cultural identities.
d. Genetic patterns underlying ethnic cultures.
(EVALUATE; answer: c; page 36)
67. Which of the following is NOT an example of internal culture change?
a. ethnogenesis
b. diffusion
c. revolution
d. innovation
(APPLY; answer: b; page 36)
68. __________ is the spread of ideas, material objects, and cultural practices from one society to another
through direct and indirect culture contact.
a. Diffusion
b. Syncretism
c. Culture history
d. Ethnogenesis
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 36)
69. The process by which people try to change their culture or overturn the social order and replace it with
a new, ideal society and culture.
a. innovation
b. revolution
c. invention
d. ethnogenesis
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 36)
70. The change in violence and sexual activity in American film content since the 1960s is an example of
__________.
a. intentional culture change
b. unintentional culture change
c. external culture change
d. diffusion
(APPLY; answer: b; page 36)
71. Colonial British land reforms in Kenya undermined Luo __________ rights and economic
independence.
a. clan’s
b. men’s
c. women’s
d. society’s
(REMEMBER; answer: c; page 37)
72. In colonial Kenya a “hut tax” __________.
a. forced women to find wage labor
b. resulted in most of the food that was grown by the Luo going to the British
c. could not be paid only by labor
d. forced heads of households to seek wage labor in order to earn cash
(UNDERSTAND; answer: d; page 37)
73. __________ is a coping response of captive, conquered, or oppressed peoples to loss and deprivation.
a. Revolution
b. Reactive adaptation
c. Assimilation
d. Diffusion
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 38)
74. The Ghost Dance is an example of both __________.
a. a revitalization movement and diffusion
b. a revolution and diffusion
c. a revitalization movement and revolution
d. external culture change and forced assimilation
(ANALYZE; answer: a; page 38)
75. A __________ is a type of nonviolent, reactive adaptation in which people try to resurrect their culture
heroes and restore their traditional way of life.
a. conservative movement
b. revitalization movement
c. great awakening
d. spiritual movement
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 38)
76. Globalization stems from economic and political changes that have expanded worldwide through
__________.
a. colonialism
b. mass media and consumerism
c. democratization
d. manufacturing and television
(REMEMBER; answer: b; pages 38-39)
77. The idea that Euro-American values and practices are creating a culturally uniform world dominated by
similar values and practices is an example of what theory of globalization?
a. westernization
b. hybridization
c. polarization
d. homogenization
(ANALYZE; answer: d; page 39)
78. Globalization began with __________.
a. United States’ interest in Latin America and the Pacific during the late nineteenth century
b. expansion of the Roman Empire during the first century
c. European colonial and mercantile expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
d. the explosion of media and information technology during the late twentieth century
(UNDERSTAND; answer: c; page 39)
79. The principal agent(s) of globalization is/are __________.
a. multinational corporations and mass media
b. information technology
c. the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
d. genetic innovations in agricultural production
(REMEMBER; answer: a; page 40)
80. What is the name of the branch of cultural anthropology in which anthropologists use their knowledge
and skills to help developing countries maneuver through the process of culture change?
a. global anthropology
b. development anthropology
c. culture change anthropology
d. empowerment anthropology
(REMEMBER; answer: b; page 41)
ESSAY QUESTIONS
81. What elements of Edward Tylor’s definition of culture as “that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society” are still present in today’s understanding of culture in anthropology? What elements of
the current understanding of culture have changed?
(APPLY)
82. Discuss the meaning of the phrase “culture is shared.” Who shares it? What does this sharing mean?
Who may not share all the elements of culture within a society?
(ANALYZE)
83. Using an example, show how world view, naturalized concepts, and ethnocentrism are related.
(ANALYZE)
84. What are the similarities and differences between subcultures and counter cultures?
(EVALUATE)
85. Using an example from your own cultural background, explain how cultural practices may be both
adaptive and maladaptive.
(CREATE)
86. What is a symbol? Using language as an example, explain how culture is a symbolic system.
(EVALUATE)
87. List the characteristics of culture given in chapter 2 of the text. Give one example to illustrate each of
the characteristics.
(ANALYZE)
88. Explain the differences between assimilation, acculturation, and forced assimilation. Under what kinds
of circumstances might each of these occur?
(CREATE)
89. What are some of the causes of internal change in societies over time? What may drive these changes to
occur?
(APPLY)
90. What are some causes of external change in societies over time? Give two examples of externally
introduced changes that have affected a culture or society.
(APPLY)
91. What are some of the historical origins of contemporary globalization? How does historical
globalization differ from contemporary globalization?
(EVALUATE)
92. Explain the differences among the three concepts used to describe the consequences of globalization:
homogenization, polarization, and hybridization.
(ANALYZE)