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CHAPTER ONE

The Development Through Life Perspective

 

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

 

OBJECTIVE	ITEM NUMBER
To introduce the basic assumptions that guide the orientation of the text.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 60, 61, 62, 63, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 101, 102
To introduce the psychosocial approach to the study of development, including the inter-relationship among the biological, psychological, and societal systems.	12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 68, 69, 70, 71, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
To note historical changes in life expectancy and examine the implications of these changes for the study of development over the life span.	47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 72, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 109, 110

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

 

1. Which of the following statements best illustrates the case of Patrick Jonathan Carmichael?
2. The quality of parent-child relationships in adulthood is based on the economic resources of the family during childhood.
3. Children can redefine their relationship with their parents in adulthood.
4. Parents who are dependent in later life were likely to have been passive in their adulthood.
5. Parent-child relationships are constant from childhood through adulthood.

 

Application         p. 4                        D

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

2. An individual’s life story is influenced by which of the following factors?
3. physical abilities
4. socioeconomic status
5. sexual orientation
6. all of these

 

Factual                 p. 4                        D

CO: 1                    Easy

 

3. The life span approach strives to identify _____________.
4. interactions of individuals that produce prejudice and discrimination
5. patterns of transition and transformation from one period of life to another
6. individual differences in biological factors that lead to maladaptation
7. uncommon bonds among groups of people that lead to hostility between societies

 

Application         p. 4                        B

CO: 1                    Difficult

 

 

4. Which of the following statements is considered an assumption of the Newman and Newman text?
5. Human growth occurs up to age 12.
6. The primary purpose of the study of human development is to explain objective thought.
7. Behavior must be interpreted in the context of settings and relationships.
8. Human behavior has the same meaning in every setting.

 

Factual                 p. 5                        C

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

5. The reason we need to understand the whole person is because
6. we function as an individual.
7. our families do not affect our development.
8. we function in an integrated manner.
9. we do not contribute to our own development.

 

Conceptual          p. 5                        C

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

6. In the context of human development assumptions, the term plasticity refers to ________________.
7. continuity and developmental change
8. adaptive re-organization in life span
9. the resilience of poverty
10. interaction of biological and psychological systems

 

Factual                 p. 5                        B

CO: 1                    Easy

 

7. According to a human development assumption in the Newman and Newman text, development is based on __________.
8. only an individual’s psychological ability
9. only an individual’s biological ability
10. the interaction of the social. psychological, and biological systems
11. the relationship between the psychological and biological abilities

 

Factual                 p. 5                        C

CO: 1                    Easy

 

8. Individuals’ lives show _________ and ___________ as they progress through time.
9. continuity; change
10. similarities; assumptions
11. differences; assimilation
12. expectancy; accidents

 

Factual                 p. 5                        A

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

9. The meaning of an individual’s behavior is best understood through an analysis of __________.
10. an individual’s physical environment
11. an individual’s personal relationships
12. family relationships
13. all of these

 

Factual                 p. 5                        D

CO: 1                    Difficult

 

10. Michael believes that he can influence his personal development by making certain choices and being motivated to succeed. Michael’s belief best illustrates which of the following assumptions of the Newman and Newman text?
11. Behavior is best analyzed within the context of a person’s environment.
12. Personal development occurs throughout the life span.
13. People contribute actively to their development.
14. As people age, they show continuity and change in their personality.

 

Application         p. 5                        C

CO: 1                    Difficult

 

11. The purpose of the meaning-making system is to ____________.
12. integrate information
13. evaluate experiences
14. seek out information
15. all of the above

 

Factual                 p. 6                        D

CO: 1                    Easy

 

12. Active contribution to one’s life can be expressed in numerous ways including: ____________.
13. the development of their cognitive ability
14. the development of a social network
15. the development of the biopsychosocial system
16. the establishment of cultural norms

 

Factual                 p. 6                        B

CO: 2                    Easy

 

13. What are the three major systems that interact to produce human experience?
14. biological, psychological, and societal systems
15. democratic, capitalist, and socialist systems
16. fantasy, reasoning, and the unconscious
17. respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic systems

 

Factual                 p. 6                        A

CO: 2                    Easy

 

14. According to Erik Erikson, human life is produced by ____________.
15. biological system
16. psychological system
17. societal system
18. interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems

 

Factual                 p. 6                        D

CO: 2                    Easy

 

15. According to your text, the developing person
16. cannot modify their psychological system.
17. can modify the psychological system through self-guided choice.
18. can modify one system without affecting other systems.
19. has no control over their development.

 

Conceptual          p. 6                        B

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

16. Sensory capacities, motor responses, respiratory, circulatory, and endocrine systems are considered elements of which of the following systems?
17. biological
18. psychological
19. societal
20. psychoanalytic

 

Factual                 p. 6                        A

CO: 2                    Easy

 

17. Which of the following statements is considered an example of how the environment influences the biological system?
18. A toddler is adopted by a family that speaks a different language from his or her biological parent.
19. An adolescent attends middle school and then goes to high school.
20. An infant is exposed to many illnesses while attending infant day care.
21. A family takes a vacation.

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

18. Which of the following descriptors accurately reflects the biological system?
19. can modify the social and psychological systems
20. can change over time
21. is guided by genetics
22. all of these

 

Factual                 p. 7                        D

CO: 2                    Easy

 

19. Language, memory, and problem solving are considered aspects of which of the following systems?
20. psychological
21. biological
22. societal
23. ecological

 

Factual                 p. 7                        A

*CO: 2                  Moderate

 

20. The ______ system provides the resources for processing information and navigating reality.
21. biological
22. psychological
23. integrative
24. societal

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        B

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

21. Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the biological system?
22. use of drugs
23. entry into new roles
24. movement from one culture to the next
25. age graded expectations

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        A

CO: 2                    Easy

 

22. Changes in psychological processing may be affected by
23. genetic information.
24. experiences.
25. education.
26. all of these.

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

23. Which of the following systems can change over the life span?
24. psychological
25. biological
26. societal
27. all of these

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        D

*CO: 2                  Easy

 

24. Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the psychological system?
25. disease
26. environmental toxins
27. education
28. accidents

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

25. Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the societal system?
26. genetic factors
27. insight
28. nutrition
29. entry into new roles

 

Conceptual          p. 8                        D

CO: 2                    Easy

 

26. The concept of identity best illustrates the relationship between the psychological system and the ______ system.
27. biological
28. scientific
29. adaptive
30. societal

 

Conceptual          p. 8                        D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

27. Which of the following statements is considered the best example of how the biological system influences the societal system?
28. Tall people receive higher salaries and are more likely to be hired than short people.
29. People who have a sense of hope have greater immunity toward disease.
30. Over 50% of new mothers in the United States are employed.
31. As people age, they experience more sleep disturbances.

 

Conceptual          p. 8                        A

*CO: 2                  Difficult

 

 

28. The Moore family’s elderly grandmother hosts an annual family celebration at the family farm every spring. Which of the following systems does this ritual best illustrate?
29. biological
30. psychological
31. societal
32. emotional

 

Application         p. 8                        C

CO: 2                    Easy

 

29. The influence of culture in one’s lifespan is considered to be a component of which of the following systems?
30. psychological
31. societal
32. biological
33. psychoanalytic

 

Factual                 p. 8                        B

*CO: 2                  Easy

 

30. In the U.S., sixteen-year-olds expect to obtain a driver’s license. This is an example of ___________.
31. biological influences
32. psychological functioning
33. age-graded societal expectations
34. individualism

 

Application         p. 8                        C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

31. In terms of human development, poverty is considered ____________.
32. a major obstacle to optimal development
33. an enhancement to resiliency
34. in harmony with psychological functioning
35. a source of continuity in the life course

 

Factual                 p. 9                        A

CO: 2                    Easy

 

32. Persistent poverty during infancy and childhood is associated with negative consequences to
33. health.
34. school achievement.
35. mental health.
36. all of these.

 

Conceptual          p. 9                        D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

33. Which of the following is not considered a major factor contributing to families living in poverty?
34. increase in single-mother households
35. decline in purchasing power of the minimum wage
36. decline in well-paying blue-collar jobs
37. increase in life expectancy

 

Factual                 p. 9                        D

CO: 2                    Easy

34. Dale is 12 years old and is being raised by a single mother who recently lost her job. Dale and his mom are now homeless and experiencing poverty for the first time. Chip is 6 years old. He is being raised by an unemployed single father. Chip and his father have been living in poverty since Chip’s birth. According to research on poverty, who is more at risk for negative consequences pertaining to health, cognitive development, and school achievement?
35. Dale
36. Chip
37. Dale and Chip
38. neither Dale nor Chip because they are being raised by a parent

 

Application         p. 9                        B

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

35. Jo Ellen’s divorce was final yesterday afternoon. Based on research, she and her two children can expect which of the following in terms of their financial wellbeing?
36. an increase in financial stability based on child support
37. a decrease in household income followed by a sharp increase
38. a decrease in household income
39. an increase in financial well-being

 

Application         p. 9                        C

CO: 2                    Easy

 

36. Earlier exposure to health risks, higher exposure to environmental hazards, and challenges in achieving developmental tasks are factors that are most often associated with ___________.
37. African American, Hispanic, and Asian American families who experience poverty
38. resilient children
39. Americans with higher life expectancy
40. families who are in transitory poverty

 

Factual                 p. 9                        A

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

37. There is a(n) ______ risk of prenatal exposure to environmental toxins in low-income families.
38. higher
39. lower
40. equal to high-income
41. insignificant

 

Conceptual          p. 9                        B

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

 

38. Which of the following is not a factor that mediates the impact of poverty?
39. higher level of education
40. strong religious beliefs
41. active behavioral coping skills
42. family conflict

 

Factual                 p. 9                        D

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

 

39. Which of the following descriptors most accurately reflects the psychosocial approach?
40. Only the biological and psychological systems are necessary to analyze behavior.
41. People build relationships that remain in place throughout life.
42. Individual longevity is determined by one’s social relationships.
43. Internal experiences are products of the interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems.

 

Conceptual          p. 9                        D

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

 

40. Which of the following statements best describes the psychosocial approach?
41. Most psychological development is a result of the environment.
42. Lives show patterns of change up through adolescence, and continuity thereafter.
43. Development must be understood as the integration of the biological, psychological, and societal systems.
44. Home and school are the only relevant social environments.

 

Factual                 p. 9                        C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

 

41. Poverty is considered an element of the _________ system.
42. biological
43. psychological
44. societal
45. temporal

 

Factual                 p. 10                     C

*CO: 2                  Difficult

 

42. Poverty can have an impact on the _______ and the _________ systems.
43. biological; psychological
44. ecological; temporal
45. ecological; contextual
46. biological; international

 

Factual                 p. 10                     A

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

43. The psychosocial approach seeks to understand the internal experiences that are ________.
44. relevant prior to the age of 12
45. relevant after the age of 12
46. products of interactions among biological, psychological, and societal systems
47. influenced by the societal system

 

Factual                 p. 9                        C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

 

 

44. Neural mechanisms have developed that are uniquely organized to detect social messages of
45. kindness and trustworthiness.
46. anger and kindness.
47. inclusion and kindness.
48. exclusion and trustworthiness.

 

Conceptual          p. 9                        D

*CO: 2                  Moderate

 

45. The concept of identity, the meaning we give to ourselves and our sense of purpose, connects us to others. This concept best illustrates the link between the psychological and ______ system.
46. biological
47. scientific
48. adaptive
49. societal

 

Conceptual          p. 13                     D

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

46. Marissa attended her 20^th high school reunion. Her interpretation of classmates’ behavior differs today from her reaction 20 years ago. This is because _____________.
47. personal relationships are static
48. the meaning of experiences changes over the life course
49. she didn’t have many high school relationships
50. she has physically matured

 

Application         p. 13                     B

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

47. Life expectancy is _________.
48. the longest potential lifespan of the human species
49. the number of years one can expect to live
50. the expectation of resources needed for living
51. expectations that one will marry and have children

 

Conceptual          p. 14                     B

CO: 3                    Easy

 

48. Over the course of the 20^th and 21^st centuries, life expectancy has ________.
49. stabilized
50. decreased
51. increased
52. fluctuated

 

Factual                 p. 14                     C

CO: 3                    Easy

 

 

49. Which of the following statements most accurately describes projections of life expectancy?
50. Men outlive women in Africa.
51. Life expectancy is projected to decrease for men and women.
52. Women outlive men worldwide.
53. Men outlive women worldwide.

 

Conceptual          p. 14                     C

*CO: 3                  Easy

 

50. Increases in the life expectancy are projected to be modest over the next 50 years, leading to an estimated life expectancy at birth of around _______ years in the United States.
51. 100
52. 90
53. 80
54. 70

 

Factual                 p. 14                     C

CO: 3                    Easy

 

51. Which of the following statements about longevity is not considered true?
52. A diet low in fat and high in fruits and vegetables contributes to longevity.
53. Daily exercise can contribute to longevity.
54. Longevity is influenced by genetic factors.
55. Longevity is only influenced by psychological factors.

 

Factual                 p. 16      D

CO: 3                    Easy

 

52. A high level of functioning in later life is associated with
53. education.
54. health.
55. lifestyle.
56. all of these.

 

Conceptual          p. 16                     D

CO: 3                    Easy

 

53. People can live longer and healthier lives by
54. 20-30 minutes of exercise daily.
55. avoiding strenuous activity such as swimming.
56. avoiding other people, thus avoiding dangerous diseases.
57. avoiding wasting time on education.

 

Conceptual          p. 16                     A

CO: 3                    Easy

 

54. Estimating life expectancy should include
55. age.
56. race.
57. sex.
58. all of these.

 

Conceptual          p. 16                     D

CO: 3                    Moderate

 

55. Likely advances in ________ and treatment, coupled with _______ can lead to higher standards of living in later life.
56. medical technology; increased Medicare coverage
57. insurance reform; improved support services
58. medical technology; improved support services
59. eliminating poverty; new drugs

 

Conceptual          p. 17                     C

CO: 3                    Difficult

 

56. Some scientists investigating the genetic bases of aging are _______ about substantial increases in longevity.
57. optimistic
58. pessimistic
59. altruistic
60. euphemistic

 

Conceptual          p. 17                     A

*CO: 3                  Moderate

 

57. Johnny believes that 50 years is old enough to live. His grandfather died at 50 and his grandmother needs a walker to get around now. He decides not to take a job that has a retirement plan over one that pays $1 per hour more because he cannot imagine living to 65 or 70. His decision is based on
58. common sense.
59. logical reasoning.
60. data and empirical evidence.
61. an assumption about how long he will live.

 

Application         p. 17                     D

CO: 3                    Moderate

 

58. How is the study of life span human development related to life expectancy?
59. Estimating death rates is the only reason for us to study life expectancy.
60. Estimating birth rates is the only reason for us to study life expectancy.
61. Life expectancy has no relation to the way we study human development.
62. Life expectancy provides a framework for timing about stages and periods of life.

 

Conceptual          p. 17      D

CO: 3                    Easy

 

59. Which of the following statements most accurately describes projections of life expectancy?
60. Men can expect to outlive women worldwide.
61. Life expectancy is projected to decrease for women and increase for men.
62. Women can expect to outlive men worldwide.
63. Women outlive men only in Africa.

 

Conceptual          p. 17      C

*CO: 3                  Easy

 

Post-Test Questions from Student Study Guide

 

60. Which of the following statements best reflects the assumptions of the text?
61. Personality is fixed by age 6.
62. New psychosocial development occurs at every life stage.
63. Psychosocial development is complete once identity formation occurs.
64. Development in adulthood occurs in the societal system only.

 

Factual                 p. 5                        B

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

61. When are growth and change likely to occur?
62. during infancy
63. during adolescence
64. during early adulthood
65. during every period of life

 

Factual                 p. 5                        D

CO: 1                    Easy

 

62. The life span approach recognizes _________________.
63. only individual differences in human development
64. only family differences in human development
65. patterns of continuity and change from one developmental period to another
66. the death rate of people born in the 1900’s

 

Factual                 p. 5                        C

*CO: 1                  Moderate

 

63. An assumption of the text is that we need to seek understanding of the whole person because __________.
64. individuals interrelate in a variety of settings and within a variety of relationships
65. theories examine individuals, not families
66. individuals are isolated in contextual settings
67. individuals function in a manner that integrates physical, social, emotional, and cognitive capacities

 

Factual                 p. 5                        A

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

64. Which system includes all of the mental processes central to the person’s ability to make meaning of experiences and take action?
65. the biological system
66. the psychological system
67. the societal system
68. the scientific system

 

Conceptual          p. 7                        B

*CO: 2                  Easy

 

 

65. The Brown family attended their grandmother’s 100th birthday party. Prior to her birthday, Grandma lived alone and enjoyed being independent. On her 100^th birthday, Grandma felt that her memory was gone and      ability to live alone was over. Grandma’s perception is a product of which of the following systems?
66. caregiving systems
67. societal system
68. biological system
69. psychological system

 

Application         p. 7                        D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

66. The Green family attended their grandfather’s 80^th birthday party in which he danced and played games with his grandchildren boasting to live to be 100. Immediately following his party, Grandpa fell and broke his hip. His new disability altered his outlook on life and he no longer wanted to interact with family. This example illustrates which of the following?
67. Older adults should not be active.
68. The biological system can modify one’s psychological outlook on life.
69. The Brown Family should have taken more care with grandpa’s longevity.
70. The biological system is viewed independently of other systems to predict life expectancy.

 

Application         p. 7                        B

*CO: 2                  Moderate

 

67. Historical events, such as World War II, influence which aspects of human development?
68. biological and societal
69. psychological and societal
70. societal and biological
71. all of these

 

Application         p. 8                        C

CO: 2                    Difficult

 

68. Which of the following statements about the psychosocial approach is most accurate?
69. The meaning of life experiences changes over the course of life for individuals.
70. The meaning of life is only based on an individual’s psychological outlook.
71. Life experiences are dictated by physical maturity.
72. Personal relationships have little influence on individual development.

 

Factual                 p. 13      A

*CO: 2                  Moderate

 

69. The psychosocial approach primarily focuses on ___________.
70. longevity of individuals
71. the impact of poverty on development
72. cultural values in isolation
73. the emergence of identity over the life course

 

Conceptual          p. 13      D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

 

70. The impact of poverty is complex and can _______ the risks individuals face in their development.
71. decrease
72. increase
73. stabilize
74. desensitize

 

Conceptual          p. 10                     B

*CO: 2                  Easy

 

71. An emerging field, utilizing a psychosocial approach to examine human development, is called ______.
72. developmental psychology
73. social psychology
74. social cognitive neuroscience
75. behavioral science

 

Conceptual          p. 9                        A

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

72. Camilla wants to estimate her life expectancy. What factors should Camilla consider to most accurately project her life expectancy age?
73. lifestyle and family ancestry
74. IQ and demographics
75. religion and lifestyle
76. income and religion

 

Application         p. 15                     A

CO: 3                    Difficult

 

 

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

 

73. The development from one period of life to the next is an individual process.

 

CO: 1                    p. 4                        T

 

74. All growth stops after the period of adolescence.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5                        F

 

75. Individual lives show discontinuity and change over time.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5                        F

 

76. Developmental change refers to patterns of growth and reorganization.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5                        T

 

77. People actively contribute to their development through choices and goals.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5                        T

 

78. Self-insight is considered a vital component of mental health.

 

CO: 1                    p. 7                        T

 

79. The biological, psychological, and societal systems are responsive and adapt to changes.

 

CO: 1                    p. 6                        T

 

80. In the case of Patrick Jonathan Carmichael, his biological system was influenced by his longevity.

 

CO: 2                    p. 4                        T

 

81. All cultures support physical growth and health in similar ways.

 

CO: 2                    p. 8                        F

 

82. Historical events impact societal structures.

 

CO: 2                    p. 8                        T

 

83. Psychological processes do not change over one’s life span.

 

CO: 2                    p. 7                        F

 

84. Psychological change is partly guided by genetic information.

 

CO: 2                    p. 7                        T

 

85. Poverty places inevitable limits on development.

 

CO: 2                    p. 9                        F

 

86. Children from low-income families are more likely to be exposed prenatally to maternal malnutrition.

 

CO: 2                    p. 9                        T

 

87. Life expectancy around 1900 was impacted more than later eras by higher death rates in infancy and early childhood.

 

CO: 3                    p. 13                     T

 

88. According to projections, life expectancy has been increasing for both men and women.

 

CO: 3                    p. 15                     T

 

89. There is a 5.5-7 year gap in life expectancy between men and women.

 

CO: 3                    p. 15                     T

 

90. Men die younger only in the United States.

 

CO: 3                    p. 16                     F

 

91. Life expectancy is likely to keep increasing dramatically.

 

CO: 3                    p. 16                     F

 

92. It is likely that people will be healthier in older age rather than live much longer than current life expectancy.

 

CO: 3                    p. 16                     T

 

93. A well-balanced diet combined with vitamin and mineral supplements seem to slow cellular damage associated with aging.

 

CO: 3                    p. 16                     T

 

94. There is no way to slow the impact of aging.

 

CO: 3                    p. 16                     F

 

95. Many of our most important decisions are made with either an implicit or explicit assumption about how long we expect to live.

 

CO: 3                    p. 17                     T

 

MATCHING QUESTIONS

 

96. Match the assumption to the concept.

Concept

1. Plasticity
2. Continuity
3. Creation of significant social relationships

 

Assumption

1. Stability in characteristics as individuals progress through time.
2. People contribute actively to their development.
3. Adaptive reorganization at every period of life.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5                        a-3, b-1, c-2

 

97. Match the system and one of its change factor.

System

1. Biological system
2. Psychological system
3. Societal system

 

Change Factor

1. Age-graded expectations
2. Environmental toxins
3. Insight

 

CO: 2                    pp. 6-8                  a-2, b-3, c-1

 

98. Match the system with the change factor.

Change Factor

1. Accidents
2. Technological change
3. Education

 

System

1. Biological system
2. Psychological system
3. Societal system

 

CO: 2                    pp. 6-8                  a-1, b-3, c-2

99. Match the term and its description.

Term

1. Societal system
2. Psychosocial approach
3. Biological system

 

Description

1. A human development theory that emphasizes biopsychosocial aspects over the life span.
2. All the processes through which a person becomes integrated into society.
3. All the processes necessary for the physiological functions of an organism.

 

CO: 2                    pp. 6-8                  a-2, b-2, c-3

 

100. Match the term and its description.

Term

1. Life expectancy
2. Life span
3. Longevity

 

Description

1. Education has been consistently linked to this term.
2. Biological and psychosocial processes change over this period.
3. The number of years of life, based on average length of life for a given population.

 

CO: 3                    pp. 13-16             a-3, b-2, c-1

 

ESSAY QUESTIONS

 

101. Discuss the five assumptions of the text.

 

CO: 1                    p. 5

 

102. Select one of the five assumptions of human development. Discuss the implications of this assumption for life span analysis. Critically evaluate the usefulness of this assumption for understanding human development.

 

*CO: 1                  p. 5

 

103. Define culture and describe how culture may influence the view of lifespan human development. What is the role of culture in the societal system?

 

CO: 2                    p. 7-8

 

104. Compare and contrast the relationships between the psychosocial approach and the biological, psychological, and societal systems.

 

CO: 2                    pp. 6-9

 

105. Describe characteristics of resilient children within the context of poverty.

 

CO: 2                    p. 9

 

 

106. Discuss why poverty is a risk factor for development by considering biopsychosocial aspects.

 

CO: 2                    p. 9

 

107. Discuss the similarities and differences of the impact of poverty on families who experience transitory poverty and families who experience persistent poverty.

 

*CO: 2                  p. 10

 

108. How does the case of Rose illustrate the relationships among the biological, psychological, and societal systems?

 

CO: 2                    pp. 12-13

 

109. What are some important life decisions you might make during early adulthood that would have an impact on your potential life expectancy?

 

CO: 3                    p. 15

 

110. Discuss at least four factors to consider when you try to estimate your own life expectancy.

 

*CO: 3                  p. 16

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Infancy (First 24 Months)

 

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

 

OBJECTIVE	ITEM NUMBER
1.      To describe characteristics of newborns and the challenges facing low-birth-weight babies.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 105, 106, 107, 108, 125, 126, 153
2.      To identify important milestones in the maturation of the sensory and motor systems, and to describe the interactions among these systems during the first 2 years of life.	7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 109, 111, 112
3.      To describe the development of sensorimotor intelligence, organize experiences, conceptualize causality, and understand the properties and functions of objects.	23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 113, 114, 115, 127, 128, 129, 130, 154
4.      To characterize forerunners of language competence from birth through the first 2 years of life.	39, 116, 149
5.      To understand social attachment as the process through which infants develop strong emotional bonds with others, and to describe the dynamics of attachment formation during infancy.	40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,  69, 110, 117, 118, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 150, 151, 155, 156
6.      To examine the nature of emotional development, including emotional differentiation, the interpretation of emotions, and emotional regulation.	70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 119, 120, 121, 123, 138, 152, 157
7.      To describe the psychosocial crisis of trust versus mistrust; the central process through which the crisis is resolved, mutuality with the caregiver; the prime adaptive ego quality of hope; and the core pathology of withdrawal.	89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 124, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 158, 159
8.      To evaluate the critical role of parents and caregivers during infancy, with special attention to issues of safety and nutrition; optimizing cognitive, social, and emotional development; and the role of parents and caregivers as advocates for their infants with other agencies and systems.	102, 103, 104, 122, 160

 

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

 

1. The evaluation that is performed twice within the first five minutes of birth is called
2. Babynski reflex test.
3. Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
4. the Infant Visual Perception Test.
5. Apgar scoring method.

 

Factual  p. 139                   D

CO: 1     Easy

 

2. The purpose of the Apgar score which is calculated twice within the first five minutes of birth is to
3. measure infant intelligence.
4. measure the quality of parental investment in the newborn at birth.
5. assess an infant’s life signs to determine the need for intervention at birth.
6. decide whether the newborn infant has been exposed to prenatal teratogens.

 

Factual                 p. 139                   C

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

3. Which one of the following weights would be considered a low birth weight baby?
4. 5 pounds, 8 ounces
5. 6 pounds, 8 ounces
6. 7 pounds, 8 ounces
7. none of these

 

Factual                 p. 139                   A

*CO: 1                  Moderate

 

4. Which of the following conditions places an infant at greater risk for developmental problems?
5. low weight for gestational age
6. low birth weight
7. late birth
8. prematurity

 

Factual                 p. 140                   A

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

5. What is the current technological limit to fetal viability? In other words, what are the smallest babies we keep alive?
6. about 500 grams (slightly over 1 pound)
7. 1000 grams (about 2 pounds, 8 ounces)
8. 2500 grams (about 5 pounds, 8 ounces)
9. 3300 grams (about 7 pounds)

 

Factual                 p. 140                   A

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

6. A typical characteristic of very low birth weight baby is
7. calm and easily soothed.
8. unpleasant, high-pitched cries.
9. delicate, physically attractive features.
10. easily establish a rhythmic pattern of interaction.

 

Factual                 p. 140                   B

CO: 1                    Moderate

 

7. Plasticity means
8. the neurons in the infant’s brain are connected in a random manner, and all the patterns depend on experience.
9. the basic organization of areas of the brain depend on early experience.
10. there is no relationship between experience and neural development.
11. sensory experiences can strengthen certain neural pathways; less used pathways may disappear.

 

Conceptual          p. 142                   D

*CO: 2                  Difficult

 

8. What would provide evidence that habituation has occurred?
9. The infant opens her mouth to mimic the mother’s open mouth.
10. The infant visually follows the caregiver who is walking across the room.
11. The infant’s response decreases each time she sees the same red teddy bear.
12. The infants loses interest in sucking her thumb.

 

Application         p. 142                   C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

9. The fetus often hears what while still in utero?
10. the fetus cannot hear
11. television programs
12. the telephone ringing
13. the mother’s heartbeat

 

Factual                 p. 144                   D

CO: 2                    Easy

 

10. By age 6 to 8 months, babies can use sounds to
11. locate an object and guide reaching toward it.
12. distinguish a foreign language from the native language spoken at home.
13. recognize distinct language sounds.
14. all of these

 

Factual                 p. 145                   D

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

 

11. The age at which infants see objects as well as adults do (although perhaps with varying cognitive perceptions than the adults) is
12. 2 months.
13. 4 months.
14. 7 months.
15. 9 months.

 

Factual                 p. 145                   B

*CO: 2                  Moderate

 

12. Caroline holds her newborn baby in her arms and watches as the baby gazes at her. The baby seems to be staring at a spot on Caroline’s forehead. She wonders what is so interesting about her forehead. What explanation can you give for this?
13. Babies tend to gaze at the eyes and mouth of a face.
14. Babies recognize an inner eye just above the eyebrows.
15. Babies tend to focus attention on borders and contours; the hairline is a type of border.
16. Babies are looking for a sign of contentment on the mother’s face which is expressed on the forehead.

 

Application         p. 146                   C

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

13. What effect do sweet-tasting substances have on newborns?
14. They have a calming effect.
15. They increase the baby’s irritability.
16. They increase activity level.
17. They give babies the hiccups.

 

Factual                 p. 147                   A

CO: 2                    Moderate

 

14. Which is the largest sensory organ and the first organ to develop during the prenatal period?
15. nose
16. skin
17. ears
18. eyes

 

Factual                 p. 147                   B

CO: 2                    Easy

 

15. By the age of 3 months, most infants are able to
16. distinguish a parent’s face from the face of a stranger.
17. pick up a toy from a basket and put it back.
18. sit up alone without support.
19. speak well enough to be understood.

 

Factual                 p. 147                   A

*CO: 2                  Easy

 

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