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Essentials of Geology, 11e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa)
Chapter 2 Matter and Minerals
1) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
- A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
- A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
- In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
- A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
Bloom’s: Understanding
2) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?
- neutron
- selectron
- electron
- protons
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering, Understanding
3) Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.
- electrons in the nucleus
- protons in the nucleus
- neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
- electrons in the valence bond level
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
4) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
- Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
- Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
- Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
- Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges. Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Understanding
5) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?
- The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons.
- The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons.
- The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.
- The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons. Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Isotopes and Radioactive Decay
Bloom’s: Remembering
6) What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?
- silicate
- native gold
- diamond
- muscovite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
7) Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
- calcite
- quartz
- dolomite
- plagioclase
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
8) Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)?
- calcite
- diamond
- olivine
D) quartz
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
9) Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
- hematite
- muscovite
- calcite D) halite
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
10) A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively.
This indicates that ________.
- gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine
- gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz
- gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon
- olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Applying, Analyzing
11) Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations? A) orthoclase
- microcline
- plagioclase
D) sanidine
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
12) Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?
- quartz
- orthoclase
- hornblende
- muscovite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
13) Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?
- orthoclase
- muscovite
- augite
- olivine
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
14) Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?
- They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters.
- They are black to dark-green silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium.
- They contain magnetite and ferroite, and they are clear to light green.
- They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom’s: Understanding
15) Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?
- carbonates
- pyroxenes
- clays
- feldspars
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
16) Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?
- micasmicas
- ferromagnesians
- feldspars
- clays
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
17) The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
- 4 oxygen ions
- 6 oxygen ions
- 4 sodium ions
- 6 sodium ions
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.7 The Silicates
Bloom’s: Remembering
18) Which one of the following describes a mineral’s response to mechanical impact?
- luster
- cleavage
- streak
- crystal form
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Understanding
19) Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?
- carnot
- carette
- karat
- carlot
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals – “Did You Know?” Box
Bloom’s: Remembering
20) Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.
- diamond
- turquoise
- emerald
- corundum
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond – “Did You Know?” Box
Bloom’s: Remembering
21) All silicate minerals contain which two elements?
- iron, silicon
- silicon, sodium
- oxygen, carbon
- silicon, oxygen
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.7 The Silicates
Bloom’s: Remembering
22) What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust by weight?
- carbon
- chlorine
- oxygen
- sodium
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.7 The Silicates
Bloom’s: Understanding
23) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________.
- streak
- cleavage
- cracking luster
- crystal form
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Understanding
24) What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? A) molecule
- ion
- isotope
- nucleon
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Remembering
25) An atom’s mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? A) 19
- 7
- 13
- 6
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying
26) Which one of the following is not true for minerals? A) They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
- They can be a liquid, solid, or glass.
- They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
- They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Bloom’s: Understanding
27) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?
A) ionic
B) subatomic
- covalent
- isotopic
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Remembering
28) How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding? A) They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
- They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
- They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
- They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Understanding
29) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?
- sulfides
- carbonates
- silicates
- chlorides
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Mineral Groups
Bloom’s: Remembering
30) Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?
- protons
- electrons
- isotrons
- neutrons
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom’s: Remembering
31) What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?
- uranium nuclei
- protons
- electrons
- neutrons
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Understanding
32) Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?
- wood
- water
- gold
- quartz
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying
33) Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? A) calcite
- quartz
- diamond
- talc
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
34) Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? A) luster
- color streak
- virtual absorption
- fluorescence
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Remembering
35) What is the name of dark-colored mica?
- calcite
- biotite
- quartz
- olivine
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
36) Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?
- metallic
- sheet
- 3-D framework
- double chains
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.
| 37) a. electron b. atom c. proton
Answer: b Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom’s: Understanding
|
d. neutron |
| 38) a. hardness b. streak c. luster
Answer: c Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Understanding
|
d. cleavage |
| 39) a. quartz b. olivine c. feldspar | d. calcite |
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals; 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom’s: Applying
- olivine b. quartz c. amphibole d. pyroxene
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying
- galena b. calcite c. gypsum d. halite
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Chapter Subhead: 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying
- Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying
- Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Applying
- In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.7 The Silicates
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carbon dioxide.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Understanding, Applying
- All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Understanding
- Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals; 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom’s: Understanding
- The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals, Figure 2.24
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Nonmetallic minerals like quartz and gypsum have no industrial uses.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom’s: Remembering
- Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Understanding
- Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Isotopes and Radioactive Decay
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Moh’s hardness scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals?
Answer: hardness
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What physical property denotes the color of a powdered mineral?
Answer: streak
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- The physical property denoting a mineral’s tendency to crack along parallel, planar surfaces is known as what? Answer: cleavage
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What is the hardest mineral known?
Answer: diamond
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals Bloom’s: Remembering
- What is the chemical composition of graphite and diamond?
Answer: carbon
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding?
Answer: valence
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Understanding
- A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what?
Answer: elements
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold, native copper and copper-rich sulfides?
Answer: metallic
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What two major characteristics differentiate minerals from natural glasses? Answer: solid, internal arrangement of atoms
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
Bloom’s: Applying
- Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property?
Answer: conchoidal
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase feldspar are called what? Answer: striations
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical characteristics of the individual elements?
Answer: atom
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green color?
Answer: olivine
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Remembering
- What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate minerals and are important constituents of soils?
Answer: clays
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Common Silicate Minerals
Bloom’s: Understanding
Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 2 to answer the questions below.
- Overall, the physical properties of minerals provide a reliable means to identify common minerals. However, certain properties can exhibit a range of characteristics or values making them less useful for identification purposes. Choose three physical properties that might vary considerably between samples of the same mineral and explain why such variability would exist.
Diff: 2
Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Physical Properties of Minerals
Bloom’s: Applying, Evaluating
- Based on the brief discussion of chemistry and chemical bonding in chapter 2, why do minerals rarely exhibit pure chemical compositions (100% always the same chemical composition)?
Diff: 2
Chapter Subhead: 2.3 Why Atoms Bond
Bloom’s: Evaluating
