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Guidance of Young Children, 10e (Marion)
Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Child Guidance
2.1 Short-Answer Questions
1) Describe an instance of a teacher or some other adult helping you learn how to do
something by “scaffolding your understanding.”
2) Compare and contrast praise and encouragement. Provide an example of each.
3) Explain why the theories in the chapter oppose the use of punishment in guiding children.
4) Explain why it is important for teachers to understand theories of child development in
order to effectively guide children.
2.2 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory teaches that the following affect children’s development and
behavior:
A) family, school, and community
B) the economy
C) politics and geography
D) all of these
E) A and C
Answer: D
2) Bronfenbrenner’s theory put forward the idea that:
A) children develop in one system
B) children develop in two systems nested within each other
C) children develop in several systems nested within each other
D) children develop in several systems nested within each other but only for the first five
years of life
E) none of these
Answer: C
3) A child’s family is a part of which of these systems?
A) chronosystem
B) macrosystem
C) exosystem
D) mesosystem
E) microsystem
Answer: E
4) The values of a child’s culture are a part of which of these systems?
A) chronosystem
B) macrosystem
C) exosystem
D) mesosystem
E) microsystem
Answer: B
5) Which of the following theories emphasizes how children learn about boundaries, rules,
and roles?
A) family systems theory
B) family therapeutic theory
C) family learning theory
D) family Adlerian theory
E) family scaffolding theory
Answer: A
6) Jack said, “My mom said that in our family, we help older people.” Jack has told us about
one of his family:
A) boundaries
B) rules
C) roles
D) gender biases
E) economic beliefs
Answer: B
7) John Dewey believed that schools can help children develop the thinking skills necessary
for life in a democracy through all of the following except:
A) the teacher making decisions on his own and ignoring what the children think
B) open and courteous communication
C) collaboration
D) respect for everyone
E) learning about being linked to others
Answer: A
8) Which of the following did John Dewey see as the primary interests of children?
A) respect for the law
B) pleasure in building things
C) the need to talk with others
D) A and C
E) B and C
Answer: E
9) John Dewey believed that education should start with:
A) the State Learning Standards
B) results of standardized tests
C) a child’s curiosity
D) all of these
E) none of these
Answer: C
10) Piaget’s theory teaches that children learn about getting along with others:
A) by working with them
B) hear a lecture about getting along with others
C) by playing with them
D) A and C
E) B and C
Answer: D
11) Both Dewey and Piaget believed that children:
A) need to build knowledge
B) learn most effectively through lecture
C) need to use workbook pages to learn math
D) need constant external motivation
E) none of these
Answer: A
12) A boy in your class says, “Only girls clean things up.” You respond, “In our classroom,
everyone puts things away and cleans things.” By saying this, you will help this child:
A) assimilate to this new information
B) accommodate to this new information
C) ignore this new information
D) rely on adherence
E) all are correct
Answer: B
13) According to Erickson, a caregiver who meets the needs of an infant by feeding him
when he is hungry, changing his diaper regularly, and comforting him in times of distress is
most likely helping resolve which of the following crises?
A) industry versus inferiority
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) integrity versus despair
E) none are correct
Answer: E
14) In Piaget’s theory, there are ________ changes between the stages.
A) abrupt
B) assimilative
C) gradual
D) meditational
E) A and B
Answer: C
15) One of the most significant changes in cognition from ages 2 to 6 years is the ability to:
A) represent experiences
B) mediate experiences
C) abrogate experiences
D) excoriate experiences
E) B, C, and D
Answer: A
16) Jon observed his father break off a hunk of bread and share it with a friend at dinner. The
next day at school, Jon tore off a piece of his sandwich and shared it with a friend. He has
engaged in:
A) mediating an experience
B) explanatory imitation
C) deferred imitation
D) A and C
E) B and C
Answer: C
17) Lily sidled up to another child at the water table and grabbed the toy with which the child
was playing. Lily has demonstrated:
A) egocentrism
B) sociocentrism
C) allocentrism
D) mesocentrism
E) exocentrism
Answer: A
18) Scaffolding refers to:
A) using punishment to help children learn
B) a teacher’s changing support as children learn
C) social learning theory’s main thesis
D) family systems theory
E) A and D
Answer: B
19) Any guidance strategy based on Vygotsky’s theory depends heavily on:
A) adult accommodation
B) a child’s ability to do sensorimotor thinking
C) adult assimilation
D) children’s power of persuasion
E) adults and children talking together
Answer: E
20) What do Piaget’s, Vygotsky’s, and Dewey’s theories all have in common?
A) They are useful in helping teachers guide children effectively.
B) The theories all focus on systems.
C) The theories all are constructivist.
D) A and B
E) A and C
Answer: E
21) One of the best ways for teachers to help children successfully resolve the crises named
by Erik Erikson is to:
A) give in to every one of a child’s demands
B) develop a warm relationship with children
C) model ecstatic behavior
D) develop a caustic relationship with children
E) B and C
Answer: B
22) A child’s most basic needs, in Maslow’s theory, are for:
A) social interaction
B) esteem
C) self-actualization
D) security
E) physiological needs
Answer: E
23) What does active listening involve?
A) interrupting the other person to ask questions
B) listening for feelings
C) judging what the other person says
D) giving advice
E) A and D
Answer: B
24) Her kindergartners chatted and talked as Mrs. Kaminski tried to get started with a story.
Who “owns” this problem?
A) teacher
B) child
C) There is no problem.
D) the parents
Answer: A
25) What is the appropriate strategy to use when an adult owns a problem?
A) active listening
B) a you-message
C) an I-message
D) type 8 conflict resolution
Answer: C
26) One of your third-graders is upset! She accused you of liking one child the best. Gordon
would advise you to use this strategy:
A) I-message
B) you-message
C) active listening
D) type 4 conflict resolution
E) A and D
Answer: C
27) Which theorists focus most on psychological, emotional, and social learning needs?
A) Erickson, Maslow, Adler, and Rogers
B) Piaget and Vygotsky
C) Bronfenbrenner, Dewey, and Piaget
Answer: A
28) Social learning theorists believe that:
A) children contribute to their own development by contributing to their environment
B) children are affected by their environment
C) children develop in several systems nested within each other
D) all of the above
E) A and B, but not C
Answer: E
29) Vygotsky named the space or area where learning and development take place:
A) scaffolding
B) zone of proximal development
C) equilibrium
D) accommodation
Answer: B
30) All of the following statements about praise are true except:
A) a child can never be given too much praise
B) praise should be specific and descriptive
C) praise in an intangible form of reinforcement
D) praise can be used ineffectively
Answer: A
