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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Most eukaryotic cells have one membrane-bound ________ that contains the genetic material. 1) _______
A) nucleus
B) lysosome
C) cytoplasm
D) cell wall
E) plasma membrane
2) Which of the following structures is characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? 2) _______
A) nucleus
B) cell membrane
C) mitochondria
D) Golgi apparatus
E) endoplasmic reticulum
3) Nearly every eukaryotic cell 3) _______
A) contains a hard, non-compressible fluid called the cytosol.
B) possess flagella and cilia, unlike prokaryotes.
C) contain all of their genetic material in mitochondria.
D) has their genetic material loosely distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
E) has a membrane that serves as the outer boundary the cell.
4) Over the course of evolutionary time, animal body sizes have gotten larger, yet cell sizes have
not. Cells have stayed proportionally the same size to remain efficient, which is due to the fact
that
4) _______
A) the Golgi apparatus would not be able to meet the demands of cell transport of larger cells.
B) if cells got larger, the demand for energy and raw materials would greatly decrease.
C) limitations of the composition of the plasma membrane.
D) the inability of the nucleus to produce sufficient DNA for larger cells.
E) larger cells would become limited by the ability to move materials across the plasma
membrane.
5) Bulk movement of water across plasma membranes and the exchange of oxygen from blood into
cells are similar in that the method of transport is by
5) _______
A) endocytosis.
B) facilitated transport.
C) diffusion.
D) active transport.
E) sodium-potassium pumps.
6) A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag
that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beaker of pure water. Which
of the following can be expected?
6) _______
A) In this situation, the flow of water into the bag will never equal the flow of water out of the
bag.
B) The pH of the contents of the bag will increase over time.
C) The volume of the bag will decrease over time.
D) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag
to increase in volume.
E) The net flow of water will be from the bag to the surrounding water.
7) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the plasma membrane of a cell because 7) _______
A) they pass between phospholipids.
B) they are both polar molecules.
C) each binds to a transport protein that “pulls” them across the membrane.
D) they move through ion pores.
E) both are lipid soluble.
8) Gated channels are especially important in regulating the transport of ________ across a plasma
membrane.
8) _______
A) ions
B) water
C) glucose
D) nucleic acids
E) small uncharged molecules
9) Which of the following best explains how water moves freely across a plasma membrane? 9) _______
A) Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane.
B) Water moves directly through the phospholipid bilayer because of the charges on
phospholipids.
C) Water is brought into the cell by facilitated diffusion but released by exocytosis.
D) It is actively transported across the membrane.
E) The passage of water across a plasma membrane requires facilitated transport.
10) Which of the following is true regarding active transport? 10) ______
A) Molecules to be transported attach to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; as the
phospholipids change shape, the molecules are moved across the membrane.
B) Molecules are moved across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
C) Active transport requires energy.
D) Active transport relies on the process of diffusion.
E) This mechanism allows a cell to equalize the concentration of molecules on either side of
the plasma membrane.
11) Active transport is like facilitated diffusion in that both processes 11) ______
A) facilitate the movement of water through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.
B) move molecules down their concentration gradient.
C) do not require a source of energy.
D) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one
side of the plasma membrane to the other.
E) require the conversion of ADP to ATP.
12) To move solutes like amino acids into a cell by active transport, the cell 12) ______
A) must move water out of the cytoplasm at the same time.
B) must possess appropriate transport proteins in the plasma membrane.
C) maintains a lower concentration of the amino acids in the cytoplasm.
D) must have a net gain in energy resulting from active transport.
13) Peptides and small proteins are generally too large to be transported into cells using transport
proteins or moving through pores. The macromolecules are brought into the cell using
13) ______
A) endocytosis.
B) gated channels.
C) diffusion.
D) open channels.
E) exocytosis.
Use Figure 3.1 to answer the following question.
Figure 3.1
14) Figure 3.1 shows a portion of the cell membrane. Which of the following processes does it
depict?
14) ______
A) exocytosis
B) gated channels
C) endocytosis
D) facilitated diffusion
E) diffusion
15) The ultimate stem cell is a fertilized egg because 15) ______
A) it will only produce healthy nervous tissue.
B) it can undergo mitosis.
C) a newly fertilized egg is always free of defects and disease.
D) it gives rise to all specialized cells in the body.
E) they are slow growing and thus more stable.
16) Which of the following is true regarding the sodium-potassium pump? 16) ______
A) In order to maintain a certain cell volume, the sodium-potassium pump exchanges three
sodium ions for two potassium ions.
B) In order to reduce cell volume, the cell decreases the activity of the sodium-potassium
pump.
C) Cholesterol molecules within the plasma membrane pump sodium out of the cell and
potassium into the cell.
D) Increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump causes an increase in cell volume.
E) Because the sodium-potassium pump works on the principle of diffusion, it does not
require energy.
17) If human white blood cells were extracted from your circulatory system, and then placed into an
isotonic solution, which of the following is most likely to occur?
17) ______
A) Because there is more water outside the cell than inside the cell, an equal amount of water
will enter the cell and leave the cell.
B) Water will diffuse out of the cells, and they will decrease in cell volume.
C) There will be no change in the cells because the isotonic environment is in equilibrium with
the cells.
D) Because a hypertonic environment is highly acidic, these cells will become acidic as well.
E) Water will rush into the cells and the cells will swell and eventually burst.
18) In the cell, proteins that are synthesized for immediate use by the cell are normally produced 18) ______
A) in the plasma membrane.
B) in the nucleus.
C) on free-floating ribosomes.
D) in the Golgi apparatus.
E) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
19) Which of the following organelles produces proteins? 19) ______
A) mitochondrion
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) centriole
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) lysosome
20) Lysosomes dissolve and remove damaged cell organelles and other cellular debris. Once the
lysosomes have completed the digestion of these cell parts, they become
20) ______
A) ribosomes.
B) mitochondria.
C) residual bodies.
D) centrioles.
E) peroxisomes.
21) The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by 21) ______
A) cilia.
B) free-floating ribosomes.
C) vesicles.
D) endocytosis.
E) gated channels.
22) Assume that you ate a salad that contained some compounds that upset your stomach but still
managed to be absorbed and eventually moved into liver cells. The plant compounds are
noxious and potentially toxic to the liver cells. Which organelle would be expected to target
and detoxify the plant compounds?
22) ______
A) peroxisome
B) nucleolus
C) centriole
D) mitochondrion
E) ribosome
23) Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle
cells would be expected to have more ________ and ________ than most other cells.
23) ______
A) ribosomes, glycogen
B) peroxisomes, fat
C) glycogen, mitochondria
D) glucose, nuclei
E) mitochondria, triglycerides
24) The enzymes stored in peroxisomes are used to break down 24) ______
A) bacteria and viruses.
B) the plasma membrane.
C) faulty proteins produced by a cell.
D) the cell when it becomes damaged.
E) hydrogen peroxide.
25) To increase the surface are of some cells, the plasma membrane possess 25) ______
A) microvilli. B) flagella.
C) transport proteins. D) receptors.
26) Muscle cells store energy in the form of ________ until it is used for the production of ATP. 26) ______
A) fat B) glucose C) glycogen D) sucrose E) starch
27) Which of the following structures provides an internal network of support for the cell? 27) ______
A) nucleoli
B) the cytoskeleton
C) centrioles
D) cilia
E) ribosomes
28) To date the age of cells, the amount of carbon 14 found in nuclear DNA of a given cell is 28) ______
A) measured in a spectrophotometer that is calibrated.
B) Measured and than compared to levels found in either the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean.
C) compared to the carbon-14 levels found in sex cells of the individual.
D) compared to the amount of atmospheric carbon-14 for each year until there is a match.
E) weighed to determine the ‘‘birth’’ date.
29) During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the resulting
cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which of the following organelles?
29) ______
A) nucleolus
B) centrioles
C) ribosomes
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisomes
30) Which of the following is true regarding metabolism? 30) ______
A) Catabolic pathways result in the release of energy.
B) An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller
molecules.
C) Anabolic reactions generate molecules with decreased energy content.
D) Metabolism involves about 200 different chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.
E) Linear metabolic pathways occur when the product of one reaction is used as the substrate
of the previous reaction.
31) Chemical reactions that result in the synthesis or assembly of large molecules are referred to as 31) ______
A) glycolysis. B) aerobic. C) anabolic. D) anaerobic. E) catabolic.
32) Which of the following is true regarding cellular respiration? 32) ______
A) requires the presence of oxygen
B) results in the complete breakdown of ATP
C) the process begins with the electron transport system
D) results in the synthesis of large sugar molecules
E) produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen
33) Cellular respiration is essential to eukaryotic cells because 33) ______
A) it breaks down ATP molecules into ADP and a phosphate.
B) the process stimulates the catabolism of potentially toxic molecules absorbed during
digestion.
C) the process releases energy from organic substrates.
D) it is a process of anabolic reactions necessary for DNA synthesis.
E) it releases energy from anabolic reactions, which then can be used to drive catabolic
reactions.
34) Glucose is the most commonly used energy source by human cells because 34) ______
A) this is the largest macromolecule available to cells for energy production.
B) this monosaccharide yields the most energy of all macromolecules.
C) no other macromolecule can be broken down enzymatically by cells to release energy.
D) the breakdown of other macromolecules can be more energy demanding than that of
glucose.
E) fats and proteins yield too much energy for the cells to process.
35) Which of the following stages in the catabolism of glucose involves the splitting of glucose into
two three-carbon molecules?
35) ______
A) glycolysis
B) movement of electrons through the electron transport system
C) movement of NADH to the electron transport system
D) the Krebs cycle
E) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl
36) Where in a typical human cell does glycolysis occur? 36) ______
A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
B) Golgi apparatus.
C) Mitochondrion.
D) Cytoplasm.
E) Nucleus.
37) The two-carbon molecule acetyl is completely broken apart into carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions,
and electrons in which of the following processes?
37) ______
A) action of the sodium-potassium pump
B) glycolysis
C) the electron transport system
D) the citric acid cycle
E) exocytosis
38) At the end of the electron transport system, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions
to form ________, a ‚waste‛ product.
38) ______
A) FAD B) urea C) water D) glucose E) NAD+
39) In the electron transport system, the energy used to synthesize ATP comes from the diffusion of
________ from the outer compartment of the mitochondria to the inner compartment.
39) ______
A) hydrogen ions
B) electrons
C) pyruvate
D) NADH
E)
40) Cellular respiration is a multi-pathway process that converts an organic substrate into cellular
energy. The majority of energy in the form of ATP is not synthesized until electrons are
tran
sfer
red by
_______
_ and
________
to the
electron
transport
pathway.
40) ___
___
A) Glucose, NADH B) Coenzyme A, NADH
C) FADH2 and NADH D) Coenzyme A, FADH2
41) Immediately after a meal, which of the following is first used by cells as an energy source? 41) ______
A) fat
B) amino acids
C) glycogen
D) lactic acid
E) glucose
42) When a runner or other long-distance athlete hits the'”wall,” the individual is experiencing
oxygen debt in muscle cells. In those cells, the pyruvate generated in glycolysis would be
expected to be converted to
42) ______
A) glucose.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) lactic acid.
E) fat.
43) The burning sensation associated with muscle fatigue is due to the accumulation of 43) ______
A) pyruvate.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) protein.
D) NADH.
E) lactic acid.
44) Researchers in Europe are planning a series of controversial experiments to treat patients with
the brain degenerative condition known as Parkinson’s disease by using
44) ______
A) brain tissue harvested from recently deceased organ donors.
B) fetal brain cells from 6-9-week old human fetuses.
C) brain tissue from family members.
D) embryonic stem cells from orangutans.
E) stem cells harvested from the spinal cord of the patients.
45) The process by which embryonic cells go through functional and structural changes to become
specialized is
45) ______
A) development.
B) differentiation.
C) in vitro fertilization.
D) homeostasis.
E) metabolism.
46) Which of the following is true regarding stem cells? 46) ______
A) Stem cells grow worse than adult cells in culture.
B) The ideal source of human stem cells is the human embryo when it consists of eight or
fewer cells.
C) Because stem cells are more differentiated than adult cells, it is less likely that they would
be rejected by the body’s immune system when used in a transplant.
D) The use of embryonic stem cells in research is accepted practice in the United States but not
in many other countries.
E) Because stem cells are specialized, they adhere tightly to one another and are difficult to
separate in culture.
47) Which of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose can occur without oxygen? 47) ______
A) electron transport system
B) citric acid cycle
C) preparatory step
D) glycolysis
E) both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.
48) All eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane composed of a lipid bilayer. 48) ______
49) Based on all the characteristic of living organism, the nucleus but not a virus should be
considered living.
49) ______
50) The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is stored in a small nucleus located adjacent to the
plasma membrane.
50) ______
51) All waste, raw materials, and sources of energy for a cell must enter and leave the cell by passing
through the plasma membrane.
51) ______
52) The best description of a plasma membrane is that the proteins and lipids in it can change,
providing flexible structural support.
52) ______
53) Unlike most molecules, water will always diffuse from a solution with a lesser concentration of
water to a solution with a greater concentration of water until it reaches a state of equilibrium.
53) ______
54) Polar molecules cannot pass across a plasma membrane through the lipid bilayer
because they are not soluble in lipids.
54) ______
55) Receptors are membrane-bound proteins typically located on the cell surface that function to
bind other molecules based on shape or structure.
55) ______
56) Cells surrounded by plasma membranes and no cell wall need to maintain a certain cell volume
because an influx of water would cause the cell to explode. In order to reduce cell volume, these
cells increase the activity of their sodium-potassium pumps.
56) ______
57) If a red blood cell, or any other type of human cell, were placed in a hypotonic solution, water
enters the cells, causing them to swell and eventually burst.
57) ______
58) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface, and is therefore the site of protein
synthesis.
58) ______
59) Lysosomes contain enzymes that are so destructive that, if the enzymes were released from these
organelles, they would damage or kill the cell that contains them.
59) ______
60) Diet and exercise cause the amount of fat in fat cells to decrease; they do not cause a decrease in fat cell
numbers. 60) ___
___
61) Glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. 61) ______
62) During the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is oxidized completely. 62) ______
63) Federal money is now available to fund research on embryonic stem cells that are produced in
laboratories across the country, making it possible for most of this type of research to be done by
governmental agencies.
63) ______
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.
64) site of protein production in a cell A) ribosome 64) ______
65) stack of flattened membranes; site
where cell products are modified and
prepared for secretion from the cell
B) nucleus 65) ______
C)
Golgi apparatus
66)
large network of membranes within
the cell; ribosomes are sometimes
located on its surface
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum 66) ______
E)
microvilli
67) organelle that stores genetic
information of the cell
67) ______
68) extensions of cell membrane that
increase surface area of the cell
68) ______
69) organelle that contains enzymes that
break down hydrogen peroxide
A) nucleolus 69) ______
B) peroxisome
70) organelles that produce RNA used to
make ribosomes
70) ______
C) centrioles
71)
organelles that position and divide
the genetic material during cell
division
71) ______
Match each component of the cell membrane to its description.
72) membrane surface protein that
functions to recognize molecules in
body fluids
A) receptor 72) ______
B)
cholesterol
73)
component of plasma membrane
through which a small nonpolar
molecule is most likely to pass
C) phospholipids 73) ______
D)
lipid bilayer
74) component of plasma membrane that
confers rigidity to the membrane
74) ______
75) components of plasma membrane
that gives fluid characteristic to
membranes
75) ______
Figure 3.2
Using the figure above, identify the organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
76) Label A represents a(n) ________. A) nucleus 76) ______
77) Label B represents a(n) ________. B) Golgi apparatus 77) ______
78) Label C represents a(n) ________. C) endoplasmic reticulum 78) ______
79) Label D represents a(n) ________. D) mitochondrion 79) ______
80) Label E represents a(n) ________. E) centriole 80) ______
81) Label F represents a(n) ________. F) nucleolus 81) ______
82) Label G represents a(n) ________. G) ribosome 82) ______
83) Label H represents a(n) ________. H) plasma membrane 83) ______
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
84) Cells that have a membrane-bound organelles and cytoplasm are classified as ________
cells.
84) _____________
85) The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is often referred to as a fluid, but in reality it is more
accurate to describe it as ________.
85) _____________
86) Many cells use tiny projections of their plasma membrane called ________ to increase the
surface area relative to cell volume.
86) _____________
87) Most cells are very small in order to maximize their ________ with respect to their
volume.
87) _____________
88) Plasma membranes become less fluid when ________ is present. 88) _____________
Figure 3.3
89) Figure 3.3 illustrates the process of ________, which requires a ________ between two
regions in a fluid.
89) _____________
90) The plasma membrane regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell by
allowing only certain substances to pass, thus it is said to be ________.
90) _____________
91) The net diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is known as ________. 91) _____________
92) Diffusion of molecules through channels and facilitated transport are types of ________
transport.
92) _____________
93) The movement of large molecules or large quantities of molecules into a cell is
accomplished through ________; movement of these molecules out of the cell is
accomplished through ________.
93) _____________
94) Plasma membrane proteins that can receive and transmit information across the
membrane are known as ________ proteins.
94) _____________
95) The area surrounding cells outside the plasma membrane is referred to as the ________
environment.
95) _____________
96) The primary function of the ________ is to achieve a balance in ion and osmotic concentrations on
both
sides of
the
plasma
membra
ne.
96) ___
___
___
___
_
97) If a cell has a higher concentration of solute than its surrounding environment, its
tonicity is ________ in relation to the extracellular environment.
97) _____________
98) Molecules pass in and out of the nucleus through openings in the nuclear membrane
called ________.
98) _____________
99) The RNA and proteins required for the production of the ribosomes of a cell are
produced within the ________.
99) _____________
100) The ________ is surrounded by an outer membrane which encloses an inner membrane
that is highly folded and contains its own DNA.
100) ____________
101) Alcohol is detoxified in organelles called ________. 101) ____________
102) Microtubules and microfilaments compose the ________, which forms an internal
network of support for the cell.
102) ____________
103) Chemical reactions that take place in living organisms are collectively known as the
organism’s ________.
103) ____________
104) Cells get their energy from the ________ of molecules, such as ATP, that store energy. 104) ____________
105) Anabolic reactions result in the ________ of large molecules and therefore ________
energy.
105) ____________
106) Cellular respiration occurs in the ________ of the cell. 106) ____________
107) Glycolysis occurs in the ________ of a cell. 107) ____________
108) The majority of ATP synthesis occurs during the ________ stage of cellular respiration. 108) ____________
109) The only way that cells can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen is through the process
of ________.
109) ____________
110) If oxygen is present in a cell, pyruvate is converted to ________, which is transported to
the citric acid cycle in the form of ________.
110) ____________
111) When fats are broken down and used as an energy source, the fatty acids are converted
to ________, which then enters the citric acid cycle.
111) ____________
112) Pound for pound, ________ macromolecule store the greatest amount of energy. 112) ____________
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
113) During a triathalon, many individuals reach a point in which their muscles are in oxygen debt, a state
characterized by low or no oxygen available for cellular respiration. Describe how oxygen debt would
impact energy production in these athletes.
114) In experiments with HeLa cells, you discover that a new chemical agent blocks cell growth by inhibiting
protein synthesis. Describe where in the cell the drug is most likely having an effect.
115) If you ingest and digest a meal that contains components necessary for normal body function but too large to
be transported across the plasma membrane through pores, by diffusion, or aided by transport proteins, how
could the macromolecules enter the cell?
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
116) Since 2004, Lipodissolve has been used in the United States 116) _____
A) for a variety of uses approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
B) to shape and mold the body into a “perfect” shape by targeting triglycerides and fat cells.
C) as a fertility treatment dependent on elevation of blood lipid levels.
D) to increase muscle mass through elevations in protein content.
E) as a safe alternative to embryonic stem cells used in brain degenerative treatments.
117) Which of the following tissues can respond to the environment by generating electrical signals? 117) _____
A) connectiv
e
B) nervous C) epithelial D) dermis E) muscle
118) The tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, and inner surfaces of the lungs is
classified as
118) _____
A) epithelial.
B) nervous.
C) muscle.
D) connective.
E) connective and nervous.
119) The type of muscle responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach is ________ muscle. 119) _____
A) smooth
B) intercalated
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) striated
120) Which of the following wraps around, supports, and holds organs in proper position within the
body?
120) _____
A) reticular tissue
B) loose areolar tissue
C) ligaments
D) cytoskeleton
E) tendons
121) Which of the following types of junctions in an epithelium allows the tissue to stretch and bend,
as in the epithelium of the skin?
121) _____
A) tight junction
B) adhesion junction
C) glandular junction
D) gap junction
E) stratified junction
122) Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands? 122) _____
A) Endocrine glands empty their products into a duct.
B) Examples of endocrine glands include sweat glands and salivary glands.
C) Endocrine glands are connective tissues that are specialized to produce and secrete a
product.
D) Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.
E) As the body matures, endocrine glands develop from specialized exocrine glands.
123) Which of the following is characteristic of an exocrine gland but not an endocrine gland? 123) _____
A) releases gland products into the blood
B) is composed entirely of connective tissue
C) can generate and transmit nerve impulses
D) requires the presence of a duct
E) produces hormones
124) Which of the following is associated with epithelia? 124) _____
A) extracellular matrix
B) basement membrane
C) bi or multi-polar extensions
D) presence of collagen and elastic fibers
E) loose appearance
125) A student in a histology class was asked to describe the structure of a stratified squamous
epithelium. Which of the following should he use?
125) _____
A) tissue composed of one layer of flat cells located on a basement membrane
B) tissue composed of several layers of flat cells resting on a basement membrane
C) tissue composed of protein fibers in a ground substance and a few cells
D) tissue composed of several layers of tall cells resting on a basement membrane
E) tissue composed of contracting protein fibers enclosed by plasma membranes
126) In regions of our body that must precisely control what enters or exits our tissues, ________ are
present to ensure adjacent cells are packed close together.
126) _____
A) gap junctions
B) basement membrane
C) adhesion junctions
D) collagen
E) tight junctions
127) Goblet cells are critical to the movement of food in the body because they 127) _____
A) produce basement membrane for epithelial tissues.
B) synthesize cholesterol.
C) secrete mucus in the digestive tract.
D) produce sodium-potassium pumps.
E) form gap junctions.
128) A connective tissue differs from an epithelial tissue in that connective tissue 128) _____
A) is composed primarily of a nonliving extracellular material which is located between the
cells.
B) is composed of cells supported by a basement membrane.
C) is composed of cells interconnected by gap junctions or adhesion junctions.
D) can produce and secrete products into the bloodstream.
E) is composed of cells that can be described as squamous or cuboidal.
129) Which of the following functions is associated with connective tissue? 129) _____
A) a membrane potential
B) absorption of digestive products
C) contraction
D) transport
E) tight junctions
130) The condition or phenomenon known as microchimerism 130) _____
A) Is also known as color blindness.
B) occurs when connective tissue releases excess extracellular matrix in bone.
C) is associated with uncontrollable contractions of skeletal muscles around the eyes.
D) results when cells of maternal origin pass through the placenta to reach the fetus or vice
versa.
E) occurs when too little extracellular matrix has been produced in bone tissue.
131) In which of the following locations would one expect to find cartilage? 131) _____
A) in adipose tissue
B) between the vertebrae
C) between the skin and the underlying muscle
D) in a tendon
E) in the wall of a blood vessel
132) A simple epithelium is not able to 132) _____
A) release hormones into blood.
B) secrete proteins.
C) absorb nutrients.
D) exchange gases in lung tissue.
E) protect against abrasive foods.
133) Vasoconstriction is a term that refers to the contraction of muscle in the walls of the blood
vessels, thus causing the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease. Which of the following types
of muscle would be involved in this contraction?
133) _____
A) smooth
B) skeletal
C) cardiac
D) both cardiac and smooth
E) both skeletal and smooth
134) Which of the following is true regarding glial cells? 134) _____
A) They are located in the matrix of cartilage.
B) They transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the internal organs.
C) They support and protect neurons.
D) They produce blood plasma.
E) They stimulate the contraction of cardiac muscle.
135) The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the 135) _____
A) liver.
B) lungs.
C) stomach.
D) diaphragm.
E) heart.
136) ________ is a tissue membrane positioned in thin cavities between bones in movable joints. 136) _____
A) Mucous membrane
B) Basement membrane
C) Synovial membrane
D) Cutaneous membrane
E) Serous membrane
137) Which of the following membranes lines the airways and digestive tract? 137) _____
A) cutaneous
B) synovial
C) membranous
D) mucous
E) serous
138) Which of the fiollowing is found in the dermis? 138) _____
A) sweat gland.
B) keratinocytes.
C) adipose tissue.
D) cardiac muscle.
E) pleural cavity.
139) Skin functions to 139) _____
A) synthesize components for bone tissue.
B) absorb sunlight to facilitate the synthesis of vitamin A.
C) provide protection from dehydration.
D) produce vitamin C.
E) initiate muscle contractions.
140) Which of the following is true regarding skin? 140) _____
A) The dermis consists of several layers of epithelial cells.
B) The skin rests on a layer of connective tissue called the hypodermis.
C) Melanocytes produce calcium which strengthens the skin.
D) The dermis of the skin is primarily composed of fat cells.
E) Keratin is a protein in the cells of the epidermis that prevents the cells from reproducing.
141) A fluid-filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the ________ and
________ to separate from each other.
141) _____
A) dermis, hypodermis
B) tight junctions, gap junctions
C) epidermis, hypodermis
D) epidermis, dermis
E) melanocytes, keratinocytes
142) In a negative feedback system, which statement below is true? 142) _____
A) A sensor detects a stimulus, which in turn amplifies the original disturbance.
B) The effector activates the sensor.
C) A sensor is not needed because the body anticipates the coming change.
D) The body counters the disturbance with a response that restores homeostasis.
E) Homeostasis cannot be re-established until the effector is turned off.
143) Positive feedback control occurs 143) _____
A) during maintenance of proper body temperature.
B) when insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.
C) during the process of childbirth (labor).
D) in other animals but not in humans.
E) to counter the effects of negative feedback.
144) Which of the following is damaged by exposure to sunlight or tanning lamps? 144) _____
A) elastin fibers
B) small blood vessels
C) collagen fibers in the dermis
D) melanocytes
E) all of the above
145) One reason that fighting obesity is so difficult 145) _____
A) is because most fat cells tend to shrink or swell but the number of fat cells stays about the
same in adults.
B) is largely due to fat cells becoming increasingly more efficient at absorbing fat form blood
as they mature.
C) is that fat cells convert most protein acquired to eating into triglycerides.
D) is because the number of fat cells but not amount of fat increases throughout our adult
lives.
E) is because researchers still do not understand why humans gain weight.
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.
146) Although the cells of a multicellular organism are specialized for certain functions, those cells
must also be integrated and organized in order to work together to benefit the organism.
146) _____
147) Control systems most likely involved in maintaining homeostasis are termed positive feedback. 147) _____
148) A stratified epithelium is often composed of multiple layers of cuboidal or squamous epithelial
cells, and usually located in body regions to provide protection.
148) _____
149) Desmosomes allow materials small enough to enter cells. 149) _____
150) A fibrous connective tissue made up primarily of fat and elastic tissue would confer strength to
the structure in which it is located.
150) _____
151) Cartilage functions well as a cushioning structure because its matrix is primarily composed of
muscle cells within a reticular connective tissue framework.
151) _____
152) A torn tendon sidelines athletes for long periods of time because the tissue possess less vascular
tissue than bone.
152) _____
153) Microchimerism occurs in some adults when fat cells shrink after losing fat. 153) _____
154) Since skin is made up of several types of tissues and has a number of different functions, it is
best classified as an organ.
154) _____
155) Skin becomes more flexible as an individual ages because of a decrease in the number of protein
fibers associated with the dermis.
155) _____
156) Sweat is released by exocrine glands on the skin surface as a means to lower body temperature. 156) _____
157) Recent scientific studies have found that suntanning is actually necessary to maintain the elastic
properties of our skin.
157) _____
158) Despite the positive effects of lipodissolve, research indicates that regular exercise and dieting
are the best ways to lose body weight.
158) _____
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Determine whether the following descriptions refer to skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle, or to all forms of muscle.
159) gap junctions between adjacent cells A) both cardiac and smooth 159) _____
160) composed of tightly packed cells
called muscle fibers
B) skeletal 160) _____
C) cardiac
161) connects to tendons 161) _____
D) smooth
162) ability to contract 162) _____
E) all forms of muscle
163) located in walls of hollow organs and
tubes
163) _____
164) involuntary 164) _____
165) possess intercalated discs and the
cells branch
165) _____
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Match each of the following diagrams in Figure 4.1 to the type of tissue it represents.
Figure 4.1
166) designed for secretion and absorption 166) ____________
167) connective 167) ____________
168) muscle 168) ____________
169) nervous 169) ____________
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.
170) a plane that divides the body into left
and right sections
A) anterior 170) _____
B) sagittal
171) at or near the front 171) _____
C) proximal
172) near to a point of reference 172) _____
173) located below another structure A) distal 173) _____
174) farther away from a point of
reference
B) inferior 174) _____
175) at or near the back C) posterior 175) _____
Figure 4.2
Using the figure above, identify the layers of the skin.
176) Tight junctions A) dermis 176) _____
177) Adhesion junctions B) hypodermis 177) _____
178) Gap junctions C) epidermis 178) _____
Match each organ system with its description.
179) functions to remove metabolic waste
products; maintains body water
composition
A) respiratory 179) _____
B)
nervous
180)
responds to stimuli by producing and
releasing hormones
C) circulatory 180) _____
D)
181) responds to stimuli by producing
electrical and chemical signals
urinary 181) _____
E)
reproductive
182) mechanically and chemically breaks
down food into smaller units
F) 182) _____
integumentary
G)
183) protects the body from injury and
dehydration; receives sensory
information from the environment
digestive 183) _____
H)
skeletal
I)