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Chapter 02

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Human Relations

 

 

True / False Questions

 

1. Self-esteem is the way you conceive of or see yourself.

 

True    False

 

2. To minimize the effects of the vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative behavior, you must analyze who started the cycle.

 

True    False

 

3. Ideal self is your vision of your future self.

 

True    False

 

4. Parents who present their children with a picture of how the children must act to win approval are said to hold “conditional positive regard” for their children.

 

True    False

 

5. Self-image is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.

 

True    False

 

6. The looking-glass self is affected by your view of reality.

 

True    False

 

7. Self-image can be programmed by the things you say to yourself or others.

 

True    False

 

8. The process of discovering your looking-glass self is known as developing your self-awareness.

 

True    False

 

9. Having a healthy self-concept means not allowing yourself to be a slave to other people’s opinions.

 

True    False

 

10. Self-esteem can be defined as the extent to which an individual believes him- or herself to be capable, sufficient, and worthy.

 

True    False

 

11. Most people who always need to tell about their accomplishments are actually compensating in some way for low self-esteem.

 

True    False

 

12. Focusing on a single strength to compensate for overall bad feelings about oneself is a good way to build higher self-esteem.

 

True    False

 

13. People with low self-esteem can more readily accept their co-workers and take criticism from others in their work teams.

 

True    False

 

14. Children are most likely to develop a healthy self-esteem when parents show “conditional positive regard” toward them.

 

True    False

 

15. According to psychologist Carl Rogers, the sense of self is a guiding principle that structures the personality.

 

True    False

 

16. During childhood, parents are the most important people among those shaping self-esteem.

 

True    False

 

17. According to Alfred Adler, the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts toward a successful career, is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that they are not as good as they should be.

 

True    False

 

18. Locus of control is the perceived center of control over the events in people’s lives.

 

True    False

 

19. People with an external locus of control believe that they have control over the events in their

lives.

 

True    False

 

20. When Delilah got a D grade in one of her papers, she said to herself, “I should have studied instead of watching movies all night long with my friends; I’ll do better next time.” From this comment we can conclude that Delilah has an external locus of control.

 

True    False

 

21. Putting things off for too long and not working toward goals can bring your self-esteem even lower.

 

True    False

 

22. The fear of pain encourages people to avoid procrastinating things for too long.

 

True    False

 

23. True mentoring involves two people communicating well, one mostly teaching and the other mostly learning.

 

True    False

 

24. A role model typically acts as a guide or teacher for a person, actively interacting with the person and leading that person through experiences.

 

True    False

 

25. Positive self-talk leads to a low self-esteem.

 

True    False

 

26. Positive self-talk means telling your subconscious mind that you are a good person and doing

fine.

 

True    False

 

27. The self-fulfilling prophecy refers to the tendency for a prediction to actually occur once it is believed.

 

True    False

 

28. While forming affirmations for positive self-talk, you should be general, rather than specific.

 

True    False

 

29. Self-fulfilling prophecies can come from your “buy-in” or taking as fact the beliefs that others hold about you.

 

True    False

 

30. The stronger or higher a person’s self-esteem is, the weaker the effect other people’s negative statements will have on his or her behavior.

 

True    False

 

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

31. Which of the following statements is true about self-concept?

 

 

1. It is the tendency to turn an irrational belief into an imagined disaster for yourself.

 

1. It is the power that is based on your attractiveness to others.

 

1. It is the power that depends on the threat of possible punishment.

 

1. It is the foundation of all your thoughts about yourself.

 

 

32. Seeing yourself as being efficient in a particular field is an example of:

 

 

1. cognitive dissonance.

 

1. self-concept.

 

1. self-disclosure.

 

1. self-effacing.

 

 

33. Sarah’s manager had given her feedback on her low performance for the quarter. She internalized the manager’s observation and started thinking of herself as an unprofessional and inefficient employee. This lowered her ____, and she tended to be even less productive than before. This led

to a vicious cycle.

 

 

1. locus of control

 

1. self-awareness

 

1. social competence

 

1. self-concept

 

 

34. Which of the following will be the most constructive way of behaving if you are stuck in a vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative actions and vice versa?

 

 

1. Trying to analyze who started the cycle

 

1. Establishing an external locus of control

 

1. Examining ways to stop the cycle

 

1. Providing conditional positive regard

 

 

35. How would all the four parts of self-concept occur in a perfect world?

 

1. All the four parts would intersect each other.

 

1. All the four parts would be one single circle.

 

1. The real self and looking-glass self would be separate from each other.

 

1. The ideal self and self-image would be distinct from each other.

 

 

36. Everyone has some notion of what he or she would like to become. This vision is known as one’s:

 

 

1. real self.

 

1. looking-glass self.

 

1. ideal self.

 

1. self-image.

 

 

37. John is an introvert and a pessimist. He hopes to become an optimist and a more sociable person someday. This happy and positive person that John wants to be is his:

 

 

1. real self.

 

1. ideal self.

 

1. self-image.

 

1. looking-glass self.

 

 

38. What is a common mistake that people make about their ideal self?

 

 

1. Most people create an unrealistic and unattainable picture of their ideal self.

 

1. Many people have an unclear picture of their ideal self.

 

1. For most people the ideal self is much more negative than it deserves to be.

 

1. Most people do not know that they have already reached their ideal self.

 

 

39. Which of the following statements is true about conditional positive regard?

 

 

1. It leads to the realization that knowing and taking care of the “real you” is quite possible without threatening others.

 

1. It helps the children to achieve their goals and increase their level of happiness.

 

1. It is an assumption of most people that others think well of them much more than is true.

 

1. It may lead to the children growing up either rejecting the parents’ plans for them completely or becoming depressed and giving up.

 

 

40. Which of the following best describes the looking-glass self?

 

1. It is the knowledge of how you are being perceived by others.

 

1. It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.

 

1. It is the way you truly feel about yourself.

 

1. It is the manner in which you behave when no one is around.

 

 

41. Which of the following statements is true of your self-image?

 

 

1. It can be programmed by your day-to-day behavior.

 

1. It is not affected by the things you say to yourself.

 

1. It is the way you actually are when nobody is around.

 

1. It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.

 

 

42. Your _____ is the way you truly feel about yourself.

 

 

1. self-image

 

1. ideal self

 

1. ego

 

1. looking-glass self

 

 

43. Developing your self-awareness is typically a process of:

 

 

1. giving positive self-suggestions.

 

1. establishing an external locus of control.

 

1. assuming a more positive looking-glass self.

 

1. discovering your real self.

 

 

44. What is a real self?

 

 

1. The way you actually are when nobody is around

 

1. The vision of your future self

 

1. The self that is based on the conditional positive regard

 

1. The way you truly feel about yourself

 

 

45. In the context of Carl Rogers’s theory, which of the following statements is true about selfconcept?

 

 

1. The main motivation for everything you do, is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that you are not as good as you should be.

 

1. Your internal locus of control is related to both higher self-esteem and better physical health.

 

1. Your ideal self comes from the messages you receive from your parents and people around you about what you should be like.

 

1. You develop internal or external explanations for control based on experiences.

 

 

46. Danica wants to excel as a student. However, she gets a D in her term exam. This shows:

 

1. the distance between Danica’s real self and ideal self.

 

1. that Danica’s looking-glass self is more positive than it deserves to be.

 

1. that Danica’s ideal self and her self-image do not match.

 

1. the distance between Danica’s looking-glass self and ideal self.

 

 

47. According to Carl Rogers, how can one bring the ideal self and the real self closer to develop a healthy self-concept?

 

 

1. By adjusting the real self to fit the looking-glass self

 

1. By working up to a more realistic and attainable ideal

 

1. By adjusting the ideal self according to the messages received from the environment

 

1. By paying more attention to the messages about one’s ideal self

 

 

48. People sometimes find it difficult to be around those who really don’t “need” anyone to like them because:

 

1. they derive their purpose from displeasing others.

 

1. they typically receive unconditional positive regard.

 

1. they have an internal locus of control.

 

1. they expect others to share their need for acceptance.

 

 

49. What is self-esteem?

 

1. It is the regard in which you hold yourself.

 

1. It is invariably the same as the self-concept.

 

1. It is what you assume others see when they look at you.

 

1. It is the way you truly are when nobody is around to approve of your actions.

 

 

50. Which of the following best describes the act of compensating?

 

 

1. It is the practice of acting ethically while understanding your actions are part of the larger, interactive picture of your workplace, community, and world.

 

1. It is the practice of focusing on a single strength to make up for the real or perceived weaknesses.

 

1. It is the practice of presenting a more positive real self to make up for a negative looking-glass self.

 

1. It is the practice of allowing people to more readily accept their co-workers and take criticism from them.

 

 

51. Lena, a former sprint runner, boasts about her speed and how she had surpassed her competitors in her prime days. Though she has not been in the best of shape for the last few years, she continues to talk about her fitness. Lena is trying to:

 

 

1. pay more attention to the messages she is receiving from her environment.

 

1. use a self-suggestion technique to improve her self-esteem.

 

1. discover her real self.

 

1. compensate in some way for her low self-esteem.

 

 

52. People who have high self-esteem are more likely to succeed in achieving their personal goals because:

 

1. they are motivated by a need to compensate through achievement.

 

1. they are driven by a desire to see their dreams and goals achieved.

 

1. they focus their energies on a single strength to make up for their overall weaknesses.

 

1. they work hard to measure up to others’ achievements and goals.

 

 

53. In an organizational context, which of the following is true of people with low self-esteem?

 

1. They are more likely to work with little enthusiasm or commitment.

 

1. They readily accept criticism from others in the team.

 

1. They are objective while tackling a problem.

 

1. They usually receive unconditional positive regard from their colleagues.

 

 

54. Self-efficacy is the:

 

1. use of a single strength to make up for a real or perceived weakness.

 

1. individual’s vision of his or her future self.

 

1. way an individual conceives or sees himself or herself.

 

1. confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems.

 

 

55. Which of the following is a source of self-esteem?

 

 

1. The messages we receive from our parents and others around us

 

1. The ideal self that we have

 

1. The external locus of control that we develop during our childhood

 

1. The emotional problems that we need to attend to

 

 

56. How did Carl Rogers revolutionize the way psychologists thought of therapy?

 

 

1. He developed theories about the inferiority complex and about compensation for feelings of deficiency compared with others.

 

1. He believed clients understood their own problems and experiences, and that the therapist’s role was that of a consultant in assisting client treatment.

 

1. He refined social learning theory to say that personality comes from an interaction of the individual with his or her environment.

 

1. He developed the theory of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

 

 

57. What is unconditional positive regard?

 

1. The acceptance of individuals as worthy when they behave in a certain way.

 

1. The acceptance of individuals as worthy and valuable regardless of their behavior.

 

1. The attempt by parents to improve their children’s behavior by comparing them to others.

 

1. The rejection of children by their parents as inherently worthless unless otherwise proven by their behavior.

 

 

58. How does conditional positive regard affect children?

 

1. Children may develop an unattainable real self.

 

1. Children will develop an external locus of control.

 

1. Children may become confused on what constitutes good or bad behavior.

 

1. Children will never try to measure up to others’ standards.

 

 

59. _____ coined the term inferiority complex.

 

 

1. Carl Rogers

 

1. Julian Rotter

 

1. Eric Bern

 

1. Alfred Adler

 

 

60. Which of the following is the most effective self-esteem affirmation?

 

 

1. “I want to be a great success.”

 

1. “I am responsible for my own choices.”

 

1. “I do not like myself and anyone around me.”

 

1. “I want to be a good person.”