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Chapter Two Test Questions
The Beginnings of Scientific Archaeology: Sixth Century B.C. to the 1950s
In this revision of the testbank, all of the questions have been updated to reflect changes in In the
Beginning, 13e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In this
revision, the questions are now tagged according to four levels of learning that help organize the
text. Think of these four levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning.
The four levels are:
REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material
UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas
APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation
ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship
The 49 questions in this chapter’s testbank are divided into three types of questions. Multiplechoice questions span a broad range of skills (more than half are “Remember” questions and the
remainder are divided among the higher levels). Short Answer and Essay questions are the
most demanding because they include all four levels of cognitive reasoning.SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice
1.) Pompeii and Herculaneum are __________.
A. prehistoric caves with paintings of bison
B. sites where early Neanderthals were discovered
C. Bronze Age ceremonial centers in northern Europe
D. Roman towns preserved by volcanic ash
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 27)
2.) Stonehenge is located in __________.
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A. Mexico
B. Rome
C. southern England
D. the United States
(REMEMBER; Answer c; page 27)
3.) James Ussher’s chronology allowed approximately how many years for all of human
history?
A. six thousand
B. one thousand
C. one million
D. four hundred thousand
(APPLY; Answer a; page 27)
4.) Scholars in the eighteenth century viewed prehistory in terms of __________.
A. classical art
B. human progress over time
C. evolution
D. the Christian bible
(UNDERSTAND; Answer b; page 29)
5.) Advances in the development of western science coincided with the __________.
A. Industrial Revolution
B. American Revolution
C. Roman Empire
D. Renaissance
(UNDERSTAND; Answer a; page 29)
6.) William Smith theorized that rocks were formed by __________.
A. evolution
B. the ocean
C. continuous natural processes
D. volcanic eruptions
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(APPLY; Answer c; page 29)
7.) Which of the following people wrote Theory of the Earth?
A. James Hutton
B. William Smith
C. Thomas Huxley
D. Charles Darwin
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 29)
8.) Which of the following people sailed around the world on the H.M.S. Beagle?
A. Alfred Wallace
B. Captain James Cook
C. William Smith
D. Charles Darwin
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 29)
9.) Which of the following people wrote On the Origin of Species?
A. Alfred Wallace
B. Charles Darwin
C. Thomas Huxley
D. Lewis Henry Morgan
(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 30)
10.) On the Origin of Species describes __________.
A. the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle
B. the formation of rocks
C. evolution and natural selection
D. the voyages of Captain Cook
(UNDERSTAND; Answer c; page 30)
11.) Which of the following people excavated in the Somme River gravels near Abbeville,
France?
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A. Jacques Boucher de Perthes
B Lewis Henry Morgan
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Alfred Wallace
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 30)
12.) The excavations in the Somme River gravels provided evidence pertaining to
__________.
A. the theory of natural selection
B. classical art
C. Neanderthal physical appearance
D. the antiquity of humankind
(UNDERSTAND; Answer d; page 30)
13.) The first Neanderthal cranium was found in __________.
A. France
B. Germany
C. Britain
D. the United States
(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 30)
14.) Sociologist Herbert Spencer emphasized the importance of __________.
A. progress
B. evolution
C. the antiquity of humankind
D. biological change
(UNDERSTAND; Answer a; page 31)
15.) Edward B. Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan both emphasized the importance of
__________.
A. changes in human physical form
B. human progress
C. diffusion
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D. describing cultural traits
(UNDERSTAND; Answer b; page 32)
16.) The notion of Unilinear Evolution was espoused by __________.
A. William Smith
B. W. W. Taylor
C. J. Steward
D. Victorian anthropologists
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 32)
17) According to Sir Grafton Elliot Smith __________.
A. all civilizations diffused from the Nile Valley in Egypt
B. civilizations developed independently in different areas of the world
C. all civilizations had their origins in China
D. all civilizations had their origins in Peru
(UNDERSTAND; Answer a; page 33)
18.) Both Franz Boas and V. Gordon Childe emphasized the importance of __________.
A. cultural ecology
B. theoretical interpretations
C. absolute dating schemes
D. primary data collection
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 36)
19.) V. Gordon Childe formulated a comprehensive prehistory of the __________.
A. Old World
B. New World
C. Great Plains
D. Nile Valley
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 36)
20.) Early New World archaeology concentrated on __________.
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A. the direct historical approach
B. historical schemes
C. stone tools
D. well preserved sites such as Pompeii
(UNDERSTAND; Answer a; page 37)
21.) Which of the following people excavated Pecos Pueblo?
A. V. Gordon Childe
B. A.V. Kidder
C. Franz Boaz
D. Lewis Henry Morgan
(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 37)
22.) W.C. McKern was instrumental in the development of __________.
A. the Midwestern Taxonomic Method
B. Old World archaeology
C. theories of cultural diffusion
D. radiocarbon dating techniques
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 38)
23.) A.E. Douglass studied __________.
A. Old World archaeology
B. pottery classification schemes
C. stone tools
D. tree rings
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 41)
24.) Willard Libby invented __________.
A. the Midwestern Taxonomic Method
B. radiocarbon dating
C. tree ring dating
D. spectral analysis of wood samples
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(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 36)
25.) Julian Steward proposed the concept of __________.
A. multilinear cultural evolution
B. unilinear cultural evolution
C. culture history
D. cultural diffusion
(REMEMBER; Answer a; pages 38-39)
26.) Cultural ecology is the study of __________.
A. the environment
B. culture and animals
C. the environment and culture change
D. human cultures as isolated systems
(UNDERSTAND; Answer c; page 39)
27.) W.W. Taylor wrote __________.
A. On the Origin of Species
B. A Study of Archaeology
C. Theory of the Earth
D. In the Beginning
(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 40)
28.) Which of the following people proposed detailed, multilevel studies of individual sites
and their features?
A. V. Gordon Childe
B. Lewis Henry Morgan
C. Julian Steward
D. W.W. Taylor
(UNDERSTAND; Answer d; page 40)
29.) A Study of Archaeology criticized __________.
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A. American archaeologists’ preoccupation with chronology
B. Old World archaeologists’ preoccupation with classification
C. cultural ecology
D. unilineal evolution
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 40)
30.) According to the theory of uniformitarianism __________.
A. evolution occurs gradually
B. the earth formed by divine process
C. the earth formed by the long term operation of natural processes
D. the earth formed over a period of about 6,000 years
(UNDERSTAND; Answer c; page 29)
31.) Which is the lowest unit in archaeological classification?
A. phases
B. culture area
C. component
D. tradition
(UNDERSTAND; Answer c; page 34)
32.) The Three-Age System was developed to deal with materials found in __________.
A. Greece
B. Africa
C. North America
D. Scandinavia
(REMEMBER; Answer d; page 36)
33.) The concept of the Neolithic Revolution was espoused by __________.
A. V. G. Childe
B. W. W. Taylor
C. W. C. McKern
D. J. Steward
(REMEMBER; Answer a; page 36)
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34.) The concept of a “cultural core” was espoused by __________.
A. V. G. Childe
B. J. Steward
C. W. C. McKern
D. W. W. Taylor
(REMEMBER; Answer b; page 39)
Short Answer
35.) What are Edward Taylor’s three stages of human development?
(UNDERSTAND)
36.) Explain diffusion.
(ANALYZE)
37.) Describe uniformitarianism.
(APPLY)
38.) Why were V. Gordon Childe’s ideas less influential in the New World?
(ANALYZE)
39.) Explain V. Gordon Childe’s two major stages of human culture.
(APPLY)
40.) Explain the direct historical approach.
(APPLY)
41.) Define multilinear evolution as proposed by Julian Steward.
(UNDERSTAND)
42.) How did A.E. Douglass influence archaeology?
(ANALYZE)
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Essay
43.) Discuss Lewis Henry Morgan’s stages of human development.
(ANALYZE)
44.) What is unilineal cultural evolution? Contrast it with multilineal cultural evolution.
(ANALYZE)
45.) Compare and contrast the development of archaeology in the New and Old Worlds in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
(ANALYZE)
46.) What is the Midwestern Taxonomic Method? Explain its significance.
(APPLY)
47.) Discuss the importance of the discovery of radiocarbon dating for archaeology.
(ANALYZE)
48.) Discuss the importance of W.W. Taylor’s approach in the context of the history of
American archaeology.
(ANALYZE)
49.) Compare and contrast the approaches to archaeology of V. Gordon Childe and W.W.
Taylor.
(ANALYZE)
