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Chapter 02

Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values

 

 

True / False Questions

 

1. The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors.

 

True    False

 

2. According to the MARS model of individual behavior and performance, employee performance will remain high if one of the four factors in the model is significantly strong.

 

True    False

 

3. Motivation refers to the external forces on a person that causes him or her to engage in specific behaviors.

 

True    False

 

4. Direction refers to the amount of effort allocated to the common goal of an organization.

 

True    False

 

5. Internal forces can affect an employee’s motivation.

 

True    False

 

6. Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people.

 

True    False

 

7. Ability refers to the natural aptitudes required to successfully complete a task rather than the learned capabilities of an individual.

 

True    False

 

8. Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions and situational factors that contribute to job performance.

 

True    False

 

9. Role perceptions are the extent to which people understand the job duties (roles) assigned to them.

 

True    False

 

10. Situational factors are working conditions within the employee’s control.

 

True    False

 

11. Organizational citizenship behavior refers to goal-directed behaviors under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives.

 

True    False

 

12. Assisting a coworker with a project is an example of OCB.

 

13. OCB may be directed to both individuals such as coworkers and to the organization as a whole.

 

True    False

 

14. Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs) may be involuntary on the part of the employee.

 

True    False

 

15. CWBs can substantially undermine an organization’s effectiveness.

 

True    False

 

16. Employees who experience job dissatisfaction are more likely to be late for work.

 

True    False

 

17. The norms of a team can affect attendance of team members.

 

True    False

 

18. Diana Duckworth shows up for work even when she is sick. This is called negative absenteeism.

 

True    False

 

19. Presenteeism is more common among employees with high job security and high centrality.

 

True    False

 

20. Personality is a relatively enduring pattern of behaviors and internal states that explains a person’s behavioral tendencies.

 

True    False

 

21. Personality traits are more evident in situations where an individual’s behavior is subject to social norms and reward systems.

 

True    False

 

22. Rather than his/her hereditary origins, a person’s socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment form his/her personality.

 

True    False

 

23. The five-factor model of personality contains five clusters that represent most personality traits.

 

True    False

 

24. Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive, flexible, creative, and curious.

 

True    False

 

25. People with a high score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed, secure and calm.

 

True    False

 

26. Openness to experience dimension generally refers to the extent to which people are imaginative, creative, curious, and aesthetically sensitive.

 

True    False

 

27. The ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions include agreeableness, extroversion, optimism, neuroticism, and conscientiousness.

 

28. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and high neuroticism represent a common underlying characteristic broadly described as “getting along.”

 

True    False

 

29. Introverts do not necessarily lack social skills. Rather, they are more inclined to direct their interests to ideas than to social events.

 

True    False

 

30. Low conscientious employees set higher personal goals for themselves and are more motivated than do employees with high levels of conscientiousness.

 

True    False

 

31. Conscientiousness and agreeableness are the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups.

 

True    False

 

32. A person who is high in introversion and agreeableness is likely to do well in sales and management jobs.

 

True    False

 

33. According to the MBTI, people who are Sensing prefer quantitative information.

 

True    False

 

34. People with a perceiving orientation are less flexible and effective in their functioning.
35. The MBTI is one of the most widely used personality tests in work settings, but it predicts job performance poorly.

 

True    False

 

36. Research has revealed that personality traits are not related to job performance.

 

True    False

 

37. One dimension of Schwartz’s values model has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme.

 

True    False

 

38. Our habitual behavior tends to be consistent with our values, but our everyday conscious decisions and actions apply our values much less consistently.

 

True    False

 

39. The values-behavior connection is stronger through mindfulness of one’s values.

 

True    False

 

40. Person-organization value congruence occurs when the employee’s and the organization’s dominant values are similar.

 

True    False

 

41. The espoused values of an individual refer to the values that he or she practices in everyday life and those apparent in his or her actions.
42. Utilitarianism judges morality by the consequences of our actions, not the means to attaining those consequences.

 

True    False

 

43. The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making advocates the principle that benefits should be distributed among people irrespective of their abilities and similarities.

 

True    False

 

44. Ethical sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles.

 

True    False

 

45. Most medium-sized and large companies choose not to try to improve ethical conduct of their employees.

 

True    False

 

46. Individualism and collectivism are mutually exclusive values found in certain countries and places.

 

True    False

 

47. People with high power distance expect relatively equal power sharing in the society.

 

True    False

 

48. People with low achievement orientation tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism.

 

True    False

 

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

49. Which of the following models identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance?

 

 

1. Utilitarianism

 

1. The MARS model

 

1. Schwartz’s model

 

1. Holland’s model

 

1. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

 

 

50. Which of the following represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior?

 

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Aptitudes

 

1. Values

 

1. Role perception

 

1. Abilities

 

 

51. Which of the following refers to the path along which people engage their effort towards achieving a goal?

 

 

1. Persistence

 

1. Direction

 

1. Intensity

 

1. Aptitude

 

1. Competency

 

 

52. Which of the following best represents the amount of effort allocated to a particular goal?

 

 

1. Persistence

 

1. Direction

 

1. Intensity

 

1. Aptitude

 

1. Competency

 

 

53. ______ are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better.

 

 

1. Beliefs

 

1. Values

 

1. Competencies

 

1. Aptitudes

 

1. Attitudes

 

 

54. Which of the following actions ensures that selected candidates have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job?

 

1. Hiring applicants who already demonstrate the required competencies.

 

1. Training employees so that they develop appropriate aptitudes.

 

1. Motivating employees to have appropriate aptitudes.

 

1. Providing resources that allow employees to perform their jobs.

 

1. Providing employees with the latest technology.

 

 

55. Competencies relate most closely to which element in the MARS model of behavior and performance?

 

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Situational factors

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Ability

 

1. Research evidence

 

 

56. Aptitudes, skills, and knowledge of an individual can be classified as his/her:

 

 

1. motivating factors.

 

1. personality traits.

 

 

1. role perceptions.

 

 

 

57. All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper-rolling machine. This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employees’:

 

 

 

1. role perceptions.

 

 

1. organizational citizenship.

 

1. learned capabilities.

 

 

58. Travel Happy Corp. gives simple accounts to newly hired employees, and then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks. This practice mainly:

 

 

1. improves role perceptions.

 

1. increases person-job matching.

 

1. reduces employee motivation.

 

1. provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task.

 

1. improves employee aptitudes.

 

 

59. You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren’t sure what tasks are included in their job.

According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely:

 

1. have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.

 

1. emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making.

 

1. provide high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work.

 

1. have above average organizational citizenship.

 

1. have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland’s classification of occupations.

 

 

60. Which of these refers to a person’s beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation?

 

 

1. Natural aptitudes

 

1. Competencies

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Locus of control

 

1. Situational factors

 

 

61. To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day, a major computer company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation. This altered employee behavior mainly by:

 

1. increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful.

 

1. helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful.

 

1. altering situational factors and making it difficult to practice wasteful behavior.

 

1. increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful.

 

1. increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful.

 

 

62. Which of the following is NOT a type of voluntary individual workplace behavior?

 

 

1. Absenteeism

 

1. Joining the organization

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Task performance

 

1. OCB