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Chapter 02

Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values

 

 

True / False Questions

 

1. According to the MARS model of individual behavior and performance, employee performance will remain high even if one of the four factors is low in a given

situation.

 

True    False

 

2. The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors.

 

True    False

 

3. Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him/her to engage in specific behaviors.

 

True    False

 

4. Intensity refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random.

 

True    False

 

5. The forces within a person affect the employee’s motivation.

 

True    False

 

6. Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals to learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people.

 

True    False

 

7. Learned capabilities refer to the skills and knowledge that one has actually acquired.

 

True    False

 

8. Competencies refer to the complete set of situational factors that contribute to job performance.

 

True    False

 

9. Motivation, ability, and role perceptions are clustered outside the MARS model as they are external to the individual.

 

True    False

 

10. Role perceptions are the extent to which people understand the job duties assigned to them.

 

True    False

 

11. Situational factors are working conditions within the employee’s control.

 

True    False

 

12. Task performance refers to goal-directed behaviors under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives.

 

True    False

 

13. Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) include various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organization’s social and psychological context.

 

True    False

 

14. An employee creates unnecessary conflicts with his coworkers at his workplace.

This is an example of organizational citizenship behavior.

 

True    False

 

15.Personality is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and internal states that explains a person’s behavioral tendencies.

 

True    False

 

16. Personality traits are more evident in situations where an individual’s behavior is subject to social norms and reward systems.

 

True    False

 

17. Personality is completely determined by heredity.

 

True    False

 

18. The “Big Five” personality dimensions represent five clusters that represent most

personality traits.

 

True    False

 

19. Phoebe, a manager at a firm, was conventional, resistant to change, and unimaginative. This implies that Phoebe possessed openness to experience.

 

True    False

 

20.Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive, flexible, creative, and curious.

 

True    False

 

21. People with a high score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed, secure, and calm.

 

True    False

 

22. Agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness are three of the “Big Five” personality dimensions.

 

True    False

 

23. Sensing, feeling, and judging are three of the “Big Five” personality traits.

 

True    False

 

24. Conscientiousness is one of the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups.

 

True    False

 

25. Extraverts are people who are quiet, cautious, and less interactive with others.

 

True    False

 

26.According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, some people are “sensing-thinking” types whereas others may be “intuitive-feeling” types.

 

True    False

 

27. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures the personality traits described by

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung.

 

True    False

 

28. People with a perceiving orientation are less flexible and effective in their functioning.

 

True    False

 

29. Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations.

 

True    False

 

30. People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences, called a value system.

 

True    False

 

31.One dimension of Schwartz’s Values Circumplex has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme.

 

True    False

 

32. Our habitual behavior tends to be consistent with our values, but our everyday conscious decisions and actions apply our values much less consistently.

 

True    False

 

33. Espoused values represent the values that are apparent in our actions.

 

True    False

 

34. Person-organization values congruence occurs when a person’s values are similar to the organization’s dominant values.

 

True    False

 

35. The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization’s values.

 

True    False

 

36.Utilitarianism suggests that we should choose the option that provides the highest degree of satisfaction to those affected.

 

True    False

 

37. Distributive justice is sometimes known as a consequential principle because it focuses on the consequences of our actions, not on how we achieve those consequences.

 

True    False

 

38. One problem with applying the individual rights principle of ethical decision making is that one individual right may conflict with another.

 

True    False

 

39. The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making advocates the principle that benefits should be distributed among people irrespective of their abilities and

similarities.

 

True    False

 

40. Ethical sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles.

 

True    False

 

41.Individualism and collectivism are mutually exclusive values found in certain countries and places.

 

True    False

 

42. In terms of cross-cultural values, people in the United States tend to have relatively high individualism, middle to high achievement orientation, and medium to low power distance.

 

True    False

 

43. People with high power distance expect relatively equal power sharing.

 

True    False

 

44. People with high achievement orientation tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism.

 

True    False

 

45. One limitation with information about cross-cultural values is that it incorrectly assumes that everyone within a specific country holds similar values.

 

True    False

 

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

46. Which of the following directly influences an employee’s voluntary behavior and performance?

 

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Moral intensity

 

1. Corporate social responsibility

 

1. Uncertainty avoidance

 

1. Income

 

 

47. Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance?

 

 

1. Utilitarianism

 

1. MARS model

 

1. Schwartz’s model

 

1. Holland’s model

 

1. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

 

 

48.Which of the following are external to the individual but still affect his/her behavior

and performance?

 

 

1. Motivations

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Situational factors

 

1. Abilities

 

1. Resolutions

 

 

49. _____ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior.

 

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Personality

 

1. Values

 

1. Ethics

 

1. Ability

 

 

50.Motivation affects a person’s _____ of voluntary behavior.

 

 

1. direction, intensity, and persistence

 

1. antecedents, consequences, and reinforcers

 

1. size, shape, and weight

 

1. aptitudes, abilities, and competencies

 

1. agreeableness, locus of control, and ethical sensitivity

 

 

51. Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random?

 

 

1. Persistence

 

1. Direction

 

1. Intensity

 

1. Aptitude

 

1. Competencies

 

 

52.Which of the following best represents the amount of effort allocated to a particular goal?

 

 

1. Persistence

 

1. Direction

 

1. Intensity

 

1. Aptitude

 

1. Competencies

 

 

53. Which of the following refers to the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better?

 

 

1. Persistence levels

 

1. Direction

 

1. Intensity

 

1. Aptitude

 

1. Commitment

 

 

54.Which element in the MARS model of behavior and performance is competencies

most closely related to?

 

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Situational factors

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Ability

 

1. Emotions

 

 

55. Which of the following concepts consists of aptitudes, skills, and competencies?

 

 

1. Motivation

 

1. Personality

 

1. Values

 

1. Ethics

 

1. Ability

 

 

56. Which of the following does ability include?

 

 

1. Aptitudes and learned skills

 

1. Natural aptitude and intensity

 

1. Persistence and direction

 

1. Intensity and learned capabilities

 

1. Direction and intensity

 

 

57.All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper-rolling machine. This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employees’:

 

 

 

 

 

1. organizational citizenship.

 

1. learned capabilities.

 

 

58. Which of the following actions ensure that selected candidates have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job?

 

 

1. Hiring applicants with appropriate aptitudes

 

1. Training employees so that they develop appropriate aptitudes

 

1. Motivating employees to have appropriate aptitudes

 

1. Providing resources that allow employees to perform their jobs

 

1. Providing employees with the latest technology

 

 

59.Travel Happy Corp. gives simple accounts to newly hired employees, and then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks. This practice mainly:

 

 

1. improves role perceptions.

 

1. increases person-job matching.

 

1. reduces employee motivation.

 

1. provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task.

 

1. improves employee aptitudes.

 

 

60. Which of the following refers to a person’s beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation?

 

 

1. Natural aptitudes

 

1. Role perceptions

 

1. Competencies

 

1. Locus of control

 

1. Situational factors

 

 

61.You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they are not sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will

likely:

 

 

1. emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making.

 

1. have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.

 

1. have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work.

 

1. have above -average organizational citizenship.

 

1. have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland’s classification of occupations.

 

 

62. To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day, a major computer company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation. This altered employee behavior mainly by:

 

 

1. increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful.

 

1. helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful.

 

1. altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practicing wasteful behavior.

 

1. increasing aptitudes that make       employees less wasteful.

 

1. increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful.

 

 

63._____ refers to goal-directed behaviors under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives.

 

 

1. Organizational citizenship

 

1. Counterproductive behavior

 

1. Task performance

 

1. Maintaining attendance

 

1. Intensity

 

 

64. Assisting coworkers with their work problems, adjusting work schedules to accommodate coworkers, and showing genuine courtesy toward coworkers are

some of the forms of:

 

 

1. role perception.

 

1. counterproductive behavior.

 

1. task performance.

 

1. organizational citizenship.

 

1. job matching.

 

 

65.Lawrence stole a clock from his workplace. Which of the following refers to

Lawrence’s activity?

 

 

1. Productive behavior

 

1. Counterproductive behavior

 

1. Task performance

 

1. Organizational citizenship behavior

 

1. Job matching