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Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
- Features of personality that differentiate one person from another usually take the form of _____ in language.
A. differential pronouns
B. trait-descriptive adjectives
C. action-descriptive verbs
D. trait-differentiating adverbs
- If I describe Juan as “possessive” or Anita as “friendly,” I am employing the use of
A. trait-descriptive adjectives.
B. inner psychological states.
C. strategies to attain goals.
D. inner qualities of personality.
- How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language?
A. More than 500
B. More than 1,800
C. More than 5,000
D. More than 20,000
- Psychologists have found it difficult to define personality because
A. psychologists are not smart enough to determine the boundaries of human personality.
B. personality has a common sense definition that psychologists find hard to falsify.
C. the idea of studying human personality is a rather new concept in psychology.
D. any definition of personality needs to be sufficiently comprehensive to include a multitude of concepts.
- Research on personality traits asks all of these questions EXCEPT
A. how many fundamental personality traits there are.
B. how personality traits are organized.
C. where personality traits come from.
D. which cues cause behavior in a situation.
- Immanuel walks the same path every day at the same time. To state that he will most likely take the same route at the same time next Wednesday is using the _____ nature of personality traits.
A. descriptive
B. explanatory
C. predictive
D. individualistic
- Mike makes several social errors at a party. He calls the host by the wrong name, spills his red wine on the carpet, and insults the guest of honor. We label Mike’s behavior as “socially inept.” This labeling of Mike’s behavior utilizes the _____ research approach to personality traits.
A. explanatory
B. descriptive
C. intuitive
D. presumptive
- Traits define the __________ tendencies of an individual person.
A. central
B. average
C. overt
D. outlying
- A talkative person will
A. always talk more than a quiet person.
B. never shut up.
C. talk more than a quiet person in theaters.
D. talk more, on average, than a quiet person.
- To say that someone will tend to display a trait with regularity is to say that the person has a(n)
A. average tendency.
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C. adaptation.
D. social-cognitive approach.
- Which of the following questions does research on personality traits NOT emphasize?
A. How many fundamental traits are there?
B. How are traits organized within individuals?
C. What are the origins of traits?
D. How are all persons similar?
- Psychological mechanisms differ from traits in that mechanisms
A. are less stable.
B. refer more to processes.
C. do not have decision rules.
D. are biologically “hard wired.”
- Which of the following is NOT part of most personality mechanisms?
A. Access codes
B. Decision rules
C. Inputs
D. Outputs
- The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of
A. an adaptive trait.
B. how traits are consistent.
C. how traits are activated only under certain conditions.
D. how traits change over time.
- Personality is
A. outside the person.
B. inside the person.
C. both outside and inside the person.
D. inside or outside, depending on the person.
- To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person
A. is happy at a given moment.
B. is frequently happy.
C. remembers being happy.
D. makes others happy.
- Which of the following is NOT defined as part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Serializations
B. Perceptions
C. Manipulations
D. Selection
- Responses to an ink-blot test can demonstrate which part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Perceptions
B. Manipulations
C. Evocations
D. Selections
- Mo looks at the ink blot and sees two birds nesting. Heidi looks at the ink blot and sees a tranquil forest. Joe looks at the ink blot and sees something sexual. These three responses are illustrating that ______ are important components of the person-environment interaction.
A. prostheses
B. provocations
C. perceptions
D. projections
- Evocations are demonstrated when
A. different people see the same situation differently.
B. our characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act a certain way.
C. we intentionally attempt to make other people act in a certain way.
D. individuals select environments to match their traits.
- Every time Sid walks into the room everyone laughs. This demonstrates the person-environment interaction of
A. evocation.
B. elocution.
C. exultation.
D. emaciation.
- Bianca always picks out restaurants that have a very quiet, subdued atmosphere. She always tries to avoid loud restaurants. _____ is the person-environment fit mechanism that may account for this behavior.
A. Sublimation
B. Selection
C. Suggestion
D. Sophistication
- To say that a trait is adaptive means that the trait
A. is the result of sexual selection.
B. easily changes as necessary.
C. serves a useful function.
D. indicates psychopathology.
- At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of
A. shivering mechanisms when people are cold.
B. hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C. friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin.
D. fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats.
- In the social environment, our “effective environment” represents the/a
A. strongest environmental cues that are found in any given environment.
B. environmental cues that are directly related to survival in the immediate environment.
C. set of cues emitted by other people in the environment.
D. subset of environmental features people attend to based on their psychological mechanisms.
- The intrapsychic environment is
A. not as objectively verifiable as the social or physical environment.
B. often easy to verify through the analysis of dreams.
C. relatively consistent across social, but not physical, environments.
D. based on how others in the environment react to a person.
- The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals.
- The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
- The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
- The ability to learn spoken language is an example of the
A. human nature level of analysis.
B. individual and group differences level of analysis.
C. individual uniqueness level of analysis.
D. social psychological level of analysis.
- Studying how people vary in levels of anxiety, self-esteem, or worry represents a/an _____ approach to studying personality psychology.
A. individual differences
B. human nature
C. ideographic
D. environmental
- Which of the following is an example of “idiographic research”?
A. Comparing men and women on emotionality.
B. Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability.
C. Writing a case study of Albert Einstein’s personality.
D. Conducting a field study of helping behaviors.
- Which of the following is an example of “nomothetic research”?
A. Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud.
B. Comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory.
C. Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity.
D. Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock.
- The study of a single individual is an example of
A. idiographic research.
B. nomothetic research.
C. correlational research.
D. cognitive psychology research.
- Most current personality research is done at the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
- Most grand theories of personality focus on the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
- A problem with studying only the grand theories of personality is that only portions of the grand theories
A. have stood the test of time and inform modern personality research.
B. apply to men.
C. are based on non-German populations.
D. address the human nature level of analysis.
- Grand theories of personality are usually based on statements about the
A. universal core of human nature.
B. major individual differences.
C. individual uniqueness of all humans.
D. differences between the sexes.
- In modern personality psychology, the grand theories
A. guide all modern personality research.
B. are still argued about in the literature.
C. are seen as having primarily historical interest.
D. are used only in clinical applications of personality theory.
- The textbook presents the example of the three blind men and the elephant to suggest that
A. people are like animals in some ways and all living creatures have a personality.
B. individual and group differences are the most effective approach to studying personality.
C. each of the different approaches to personality research is inadequate for studying the full range of human personality.
D. using ancient legends is an inadequate approach to explaining the full range of differences in human personality.
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c5
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
- _____ is defined as both the consistencies in people and the ways people change over time.
A. Personality development
B. Rank order stability
C. Mean level stability
D. Personality coherence
- When people maintain their position in a group over time, they display
A. mean level stability.
B. rank order stability.
C. personality coherence.
D. possible selves.
- If we measured height from the age of 12 to 18, we would likely see high degrees of
A. mean level stability.
B. rank order stability.
C. rank order instability.
D. both A and B.
- When the average level of a trait remains constant over time, we observe
A. mean level change.
B. mean level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order instability.
- The finding that sensation seeking tends to decrease with age is an example of
A. mean level change.
B. mean level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order instability.
- If we studied political attitudes and found that everyone became more conservative with age, we would observe
A. mean level change.
B. mean level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order change.
- If an individual maintains his or her rank order for a trait relative to a group, but changes the behaviors manifested by that trait over time that individual is exhibiting
A. mean level stability.
B. rank order stability.
C. personality coherence.
D. validity coefficients.
- An example of _____ would be that ambivalently attached babies cry when their mothers leave them, and that later in life as adults these individuals have many short-lived relationships.
A. mean level stability
B. mean level change
C. rank order stability
D. personality coherence
- When Maria was a child she was always did her homework on time and was an excellent student. As an adult Maria is a highly organized business woman with a reputation for meeting deadlines. Maria’s behavior throughout her life demonstrates
A. personality coherence.
B. mean level reliability.
C. rank order stability.
D. mean level stability.
- Which of the following concepts does Gandhi’s life best illustrate?
A. How a personality changes over time.
B. How a personality can remain stable over time.
C. The concept of rank order stability.
D. Traits that are correlated with leadership skills.
- Personality changes take place when those changes are _____ and _____.
A. internal; progressive
B. external; phenotypical
C. internal; enduring
D. external; durable
- Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages is an example of personality change at the _____ level of analysis.
A. population
B. group differences
C. individual differences
D. individual uniqueness
- Which of the following is NOT an example of a topic at the group level of analysis?
A. Male versus female differences in empathy toward others.
B. Cultural differences in coming of age rituals.
C. Arousal differences that correlate with extraversion.
D. Ethnic differences in body satisfaction.
- _____ usually is/are defined as the individual differences that show up early in life and are likely to be heritable and involved in behaviors linked with emotionality.
A. Traits
B. Temperament
C. Individual differences
D. Dispositions
- Which level of analysis would consider the question, “Can we predict healthy aging from personality traits?”
A. Population
B. Group differences
C. Individual differences
D. Cultural differences
- Personality is least stable in
A. early infancy.
B. late infancy.
C. adolescence.
D. adulthood.
- Personality differences usually can be first observed in
A. early infancy.
B. late infancy.
C. adolescence.
D. adulthood.
- Which of the following aspects of temperament is probably most stable?
A. Activity level
B. Fear
C. Duration of orienting
D. Soothability
- Temperament has been found to be
A. unstable.
B. more stable in early infancy.
C. more stable over short interval.
D. more stable over long intervals.
- Correlations between the same measure taken at different points in time are called
A. validity coefficients.
B. stability coefficients.
C. mean level stability.
D. rank order stability.
- Correlations between different measures of the same trait taken at the same time are called
A. validity coefficients.
B. stability coefficients.
C. mean level stability.
D. rank order stability.
- Buss, Block, and Block’s longitudinal study of activity level found
A. stability in activity level over time.
B. less stability over short intervals.
C. more stability over long intervals.
D. a lack of personality coherence.
- Research suggests that children classified as bullies in the 6th grade
A. will be more popular in the 10th grade.
B. will become “whipping boys” by the 7th grade.
C. are more likely to commit criminal acts in adulthood.
D. are more likely to have been bullied by parents.
- Traits from the five-factor model have been found to
A. be only slightly stable in adulthood.
B. be moderately stable in adulthood.
C. lack stability in early adulthood.
D. have population stability in adulthood.
- Researchers have found that personality stability
A. does not change reliably over time.
B. tends to decrease with age.
C. tends to increase with age.
D. is best estimated by validity coefficients.
- Trait consistency tends to reach each peak after age
A. 20.
B. 30.
C. 40.
D. 50.
- Research suggests that traits from the five-factor model _____ mean level changes with age.
A. do not show
B. show small
C. show moderate
D. show large
- The traits of extraversion, neuroticism, and openness tend to
A. increase substantially in a person’s thirties.
B. decline gradually with age until a person is about fifty years old.
C. fluctuate greatly in mean level stability during adolescence.
D. decrease markedly after a person reaches his or her sixties.
- Trait neuroticism and negative affect scores tend to _____ from the freshman to senior years in college.
A. increase strongly
B. decrease strongly
C. remain stable
D. fluctuate wildly
- Trait levels of _____ and _____ tend to increase with age.
A. agreeableness; openness to experience
B. extraversion; openness to experience
C. neuroticism; extraversion
D. conscientiousness; agreeableness
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