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Chapter 02

Atoms, Elements, and Minerals

 

 

True / False Questions

  1. A mineral is defined as a crystalline solid that is naturally occurring, has a specific chemical composition and forms through geologic processes.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The innermost energy level in the standard model of an atom is full when it possesses eight electrons.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The number of neutrons in an atom controls the chemical behavior of an element.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Silica is a term for oxygen combined with silicon.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. It is clear that exposure to white asbestos causes cancer among non-smoking asbestos workers.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Both graphite and diamond are made of carbon.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. All of the most common rock-forming minerals in Earth’s crust are silicate minerals.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Clay minerals are very common in the Earth’s upper mantle.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the most common non-silicate mineral in the Earth’s crust.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Non-silicate minerals are more abundant in the deeper parts of Earth’s crust than in the crust as a whole.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed

luster.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. A mineral specimen with a Mohs hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a hardness of 3.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Minerals that have the same chemical composition but have different crystalline structures exhibit polymorphism

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Color is the least reliable physical property in mineral identification.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Diamond has no cleavage.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of

air.

FALSE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The crystal form of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another.

TRUE

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

  1. In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must ____. A. be a solid
  2. occur naturally
  3. have a crystalline structure
  4. have a definite chemical composition
  5. All of the answers are correct.

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The atomic number of an element equals the number of _____ in each atom.
  2. electrons
  3. neutrons
  4. protons
  5. Answers neutrons and protons are both correct; answer a is not correct.
  6. Answers electrons, neutrons and protons are all correct.

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ___ in the atom.
  2. electrons
  3. neutrons
  4. protons
  5. protons and neutrons
  6. protons, neutrons, and electrons

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. _______ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
  2. Ions
  3. Classes
  4. Particles
  5. Isotopes
  6. Varieties

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The atomic mass number of common oxygen is 16 because it has ___ protons and ___ neutrons. A. 7; 9
  2. 8; 8
  3. 9; 7
  4. 5; 11
  5. 10; 6

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Carbon-14 has eight __.
  2. protons
  3. nuclei
  4. neutrons
  5. isotopes
  6. atoms

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The isotope composition of _____ in foraminifera shells from sediment cores are used to determine climate change in Earth history.
  2. oxygen
  3. carbon
  4. uranium
  5. lead
  6. helium

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are __.
  2. iron and magnesium
  3. carbon and hydrogen
  4. carbon and oxygen
  5. hydrogen and oxygen
  6. oxygen and silicon

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. When seawater evaporates, its sodium and chlorine are electronically attracted to one another and crystallize into ___.
  2. quartz
  3. halite
  4. clay
  5. calcite
  6. hematite

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The mineral ___ reacts with weak hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, i.e., it effervesces (fizzes) in dilute acid.
  2. calcite
  3. feldspar
  4. quartz
  5. biotite
  6. amphibole

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The _____ group and the ___ group are sheet silicates characterized by one direction of cleavage.
  2. amphibole; pyroxene
  3. feldspar; quartz
  4. olivine; plagioclase
  5. mica; clay
  6. carbonate; sulfide

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Two examples of framework silicates are _____ and ______.
  2. calcite; dolomite
  3. olivine; pyroxene
  4. quartz; feldspar
  5. biotite; muscovite
  6. amphibole; olivine

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. _____ is the ability of a mineral to break, when struck or split, along preferred planar directions.
  2. Cleavage
  3. Crystal form
  4. Facets
  5. Planes
  6. Form

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ___ and one atom of __.
  2. silicon; aluminum
  3. silicon; oxygen
  4. silicon; iron
  5. oxygen; silicon
  6. aluminum; silicon

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The common mineral ___ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure.
  2. amphibole
  3. feldspar
  4. olivine
  5. pyroxene
  6. mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Five of the six minerals collectively known as asbestos contain single chains of silica tetrahedral and belong to the _______.
  2. amphiboles
  3. feldspars
  4. olivines
  5. pyroxenes
  6. micas

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The ______ group of minerals is characterized by two parallel chains of silica tetrahedra in their structure.
  2. amphibole
  3. feldspar
  4. olivine
  5. pyroxene
  6. mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The _____ group of minerals are sheet silicates.
  2. amphibole
  3. feldspar
  4. olivine
  5. pyroxene
  6. mica

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Non-silicate minerals include the halides like _____.
  2. calcite
  3. halite
  4. magnetite
  5. pyrite
  6. gypsum

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The mineral ___ is an example of a native element.
  2. quartz
  3. feldspar
  4. calcite
  5. graphite
  6. halite

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called its ____, that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.
  2. dust
  3. chroma
  4. streak
  5. smear
  6. powder

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The softest mineral on Mohs’ hardness scale is ____.
  2. gypsum
  3. talc
  4. diamond
  5. quartz
  6. mica

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. What is the special property of the mineral halite? A. It has 5 directions of cleavage.
  2. It has a hardness of -3.
  3. It can transmit electricity.
  4. It tastes like salt.
  5. It has an extremely high melting temperature.

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. ____ has the property of generating electricity when squeezed in a certain crystallographic direction. A. Copper
  2. Mica
  3. Amphibole
  4. Gold
  5. Quartz

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The hardest mineral has a hardness of ___ on Mohs’ relative hardness scale. A. 1
  2. 10
  3. 100
  4. 1000
  5. 10000

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. Calcite has ___ direction of cleavage.
  2. 1
  3. 2

C.  3

  1. 4
  2. 6

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. In some minerals the bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no cleavage but instead _____ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved.
  2. luminesce
  3. chip
  4. flatten
  5. bend
  6. fracture

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is ______; it is more common than iron.
  2. magnesium
  3. aluminum
  4. calcium
  5. fluorine
  6. tin

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. The mineral ___ is strongly magnetic.
  2. calcite
  3. pyrite
  4. magnetite
  5. magnesite
  6. quartz

 

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Topic: Earth Materials

 

  1. _______ and sapphire are both varieties of the common mineral corundum.
  2. Emerald
  3. Turquoise
  4. Ruby
  5. Beryl
  6. Peridot
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