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Chapter 02
Atoms, Elements, and Minerals
True / False Questions
- A mineral is defined as a crystalline solid that is naturally occurring, has a specific chemical composition and forms through geologic processes.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The innermost energy level in the standard model of an atom is full when it possesses eight electrons.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The number of neutrons in an atom controls the chemical behavior of an element.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Silica is a term for oxygen combined with silicon.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- It is clear that exposure to white asbestos causes cancer among non-smoking asbestos workers.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Both graphite and diamond are made of carbon.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- All of the most common rock-forming minerals in Earth’s crust are silicate minerals.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Clay minerals are very common in the Earth’s upper mantle.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the most common non-silicate mineral in the Earth’s crust.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Non-silicate minerals are more abundant in the deeper parts of Earth’s crust than in the crust as a whole.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed
luster.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- A mineral specimen with a Mohs hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a hardness of 3.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Minerals that have the same chemical composition but have different crystalline structures exhibit polymorphism
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Color is the least reliable physical property in mineral identification.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Diamond has no cleavage.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of
air.
FALSE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The crystal form of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another.
TRUE
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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Multiple Choice Questions
- In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must ____. A. be a solid
- occur naturally
- have a crystalline structure
- have a definite chemical composition
- All of the answers are correct.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The atomic number of an element equals the number of _____ in each atom.
- electrons
- neutrons
- protons
- Answers neutrons and protons are both correct; answer a is not correct.
- Answers electrons, neutrons and protons are all correct.
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ___ in the atom.
- electrons
- neutrons
- protons
- protons and neutrons
- protons, neutrons, and electrons
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- _______ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
- Ions
- Classes
- Particles
- Isotopes
- Varieties
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The atomic mass number of common oxygen is 16 because it has ___ protons and ___ neutrons. A. 7; 9
- 8; 8
- 9; 7
- 5; 11
- 10; 6
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Carbon-14 has eight __.
- protons
- nuclei
- neutrons
- isotopes
- atoms
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The isotope composition of _____ in foraminifera shells from sediment cores are used to determine climate change in Earth history.
- oxygen
- carbon
- uranium
- lead
- helium
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are __.
- iron and magnesium
- carbon and hydrogen
- carbon and oxygen
- hydrogen and oxygen
- oxygen and silicon
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- When seawater evaporates, its sodium and chlorine are electronically attracted to one another and crystallize into ___.
- quartz
- halite
- clay
- calcite
- hematite
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The mineral ___ reacts with weak hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, i.e., it effervesces (fizzes) in dilute acid.
- calcite
- feldspar
- quartz
- biotite
- amphibole
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The _____ group and the ___ group are sheet silicates characterized by one direction of cleavage.
- amphibole; pyroxene
- feldspar; quartz
- olivine; plagioclase
- mica; clay
- carbonate; sulfide
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Two examples of framework silicates are _____ and ______.
- calcite; dolomite
- olivine; pyroxene
- quartz; feldspar
- biotite; muscovite
- amphibole; olivine
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- _____ is the ability of a mineral to break, when struck or split, along preferred planar directions.
- Cleavage
- Crystal form
- Facets
- Planes
- Form
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ___ and one atom of __.
- silicon; aluminum
- silicon; oxygen
- silicon; iron
- oxygen; silicon
- aluminum; silicon
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The common mineral ___ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure.
- amphibole
- feldspar
- olivine
- pyroxene
- mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Five of the six minerals collectively known as asbestos contain single chains of silica tetrahedral and belong to the _______.
- amphiboles
- feldspars
- olivines
- pyroxenes
- micas
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The ______ group of minerals is characterized by two parallel chains of silica tetrahedra in their structure.
- amphibole
- feldspar
- olivine
- pyroxene
- mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The _____ group of minerals are sheet silicates.
- amphibole
- feldspar
- olivine
- pyroxene
- mica
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Non-silicate minerals include the halides like _____.
- calcite
- halite
- magnetite
- pyrite
- gypsum
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The mineral ___ is an example of a native element.
- quartz
- feldspar
- calcite
- graphite
- halite
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called its ____, that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.
- dust
- chroma
- streak
- smear
- powder
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The softest mineral on Mohs’ hardness scale is ____.
- gypsum
- talc
- diamond
- quartz
- mica
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- What is the special property of the mineral halite? A. It has 5 directions of cleavage.
- It has a hardness of -3.
- It can transmit electricity.
- It tastes like salt.
- It has an extremely high melting temperature.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- ____ has the property of generating electricity when squeezed in a certain crystallographic direction. A. Copper
- Mica
- Amphibole
- Gold
- Quartz
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The hardest mineral has a hardness of ___ on Mohs’ relative hardness scale. A. 1
- 10
- 100
- 1000
- 10000
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- Calcite has ___ direction of cleavage.
- 1
- 2
C. 3
- 4
- 6
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- In some minerals the bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no cleavage but instead _____ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved.
- luminesce
- chip
- flatten
- bend
- fracture
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is ______; it is more common than iron.
- magnesium
- aluminum
- calcium
- fluorine
- tin
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- The mineral ___ is strongly magnetic.
- calcite
- pyrite
- magnetite
- magnesite
- quartz
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Earth Materials
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- _______ and sapphire are both varieties of the common mineral corundum.
- Emerald
- Turquoise
- Ruby
- Beryl
- Peridot