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Chapter 1

ADJUSTING TO MODERN LIFE

 

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 

The Paradox of Progress

1. Describe three examples of the paradox of progress.
2. Explain what is meant by the paradox of progress and how theorists have explained it.

 

The Search for Direction

3. Provide some examples of people’s search for direction.
4. Describe four problems that are common in popular self-help books.
5. Summarize advice about what to look for in quality self-help books.
6. Summarize the philosophy underlying this textbook.

 

The Psychology of Adjustment

7. Describe the two key facets of psychology.
8. Explain the concept of adjustment.

 

The Scientific Approach to Behavior

9. Explain the nature of empiricism.
10. Explain two advantages of the scientific approach to understanding behavior.
11. Describe the experimental method, distinguishing between independent and dependent variables and between experimental and control groups.
12. Distinguish between positive and negative correlation, and explain what the size of a correlation coefficient means.
13. Describe three correlational research methods.
14. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of experimental versus correlational research.

 

The Roots of Happiness: An Empirical Analysis

15. Discuss the prevalence of reported happiness in modern society.
16. List the various factors that are surprisingly unrelated to happiness.
17. Explain how health, social activity, religion, and culture are related to happiness.
18. Discuss how love, work, genetics, and personality are related to happiness.
19. Summarize the conclusions drawn about the determinants of happiness.

 

APPLICATION: Improving Academic Performance

20. List three steps for developing sound study habits.
21. Discuss some strategies for improving reading comprehension.
22. Summarize advice on how to get more out of lectures.
23. Summarize how memory is influenced by practice, organization, and depth of processing.
24. Describe several mnemonic devices that can aid memory.

 

 

 

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVE	Item Number
Describe three examples of the paradox of progress.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, SG1, TF1, SA1
Explain what is meant by the paradox of progress and how theorists have explained it.	6, 7, SA1
Provide some examples of people’s search for direction.	8, 9, 10, SG2
Describe four problems that are common in popular self-help books.	11, 12, 13, TF2
Summarize advice about what to look for in quality self-help books.	14, 15, 16, 17, SA2
Summarize the philosophy underlying this textbook.	18, 19, 20, SG3, TF3
Describe the two key facets of psychology.	21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, SG4, TF4
Explain the concept of adjustment.	28, 29
Explain the nature of empiricism.	30, 31, 32
Explain two advantages of the scientific approach to understanding behavior.	33, TF5, SA3
Describe the experimental method, distinguishing between independent and dependent variables and between experimental and control groups.	34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, SG5, SA4
Distinguish between positive and negative correlation, and explain what the size of a correlation coefficient means.	47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, SG6, TF6
Describe three correlational research methods.	60, 61, 62, 63, 64, SG7, SA5
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of experimental versus correlational research.	65, 66, 67, SA6
Discuss the prevalence of reported happiness in modern society.	68, SA7
List the various factors that are surprisingly unrelated to happiness.	69, 70, 71, SG8, TF7, TF8, SA8
Explain how health, social activity, religion, and culture are related to happiness.	72, 73, 74
Discuss how love, work, genetics, and personality are related to happiness.	75, 76, SG9, SA9
Summarize the conclusions drawn about the determinants of happiness.	77, 78, 79, 80
List three steps for developing sound study habits.	81, 82, 83, SG10, TF9, SA10
Discuss some strategies for improving reading comprehension.	84, 85, SA10
Summarize advice on how to get more out of lectures.	86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, SA10
Summarize how memory is influenced by practice, organization, and depth of processing.	93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, TF10, SA10
Describe several mnemonic devices that can aid memory.	100, 101, 102, SA10

Key: Multiple-Choice question numbers appear first, followed by Study Guide question numbers (SG), True/False (TF), and Short Answer (SA).

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Modern technology has provided us with many time-saving devices, but
2. most of us don’t use them.
3. they cost too much for most of us.
4. they never seem to work as advertised.
5. we still complain about not having enough time.

 

ANS: d             REF: 1

OBJ: 1              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

2. In spite of countless time-saving devices—automobiles, telephones, photocopiers, fax machines, and so on—most of us complain about a relative lack of
3. time.
4. money.
5. information.
6. work.

 

ANS: a             REF: 1

OBJ: 1              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

3. Modern Western society has made extraordinary technological progress
4. and therefore, has seen decreases in social problems.
5. but social and personal problems seem more prevalent and more prominent than ever before.
6. and therefore, has seen a boom in time spent engaging in leisure activities.
7. but social and personal problems are just as prevalent as they were in the past.

 

ANS: b             REF: 1

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

4. According to Schwartz, increased freedom of choice available in modern societies
5. has resulted in improved mental health.
6. has enhanced tranquility.
7. has led to fewer postdecision regrets.
8. has contributed to depression and anxiety.

 

ANS: d             REF: 1

OBJ: 1              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate              NOT: New

 

5. Technology has enabled humankind to exercise unprecedented control over many aspects of the physical world but at the same time has also created serious
6. environmental problems.
7. microscopic defects.
8. medical costs.
9. under-consumption.

 

ANS: a             REF: 2

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

 

6. __________________ refers to the idea that technological advances have NOT led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness.
7. Information anxiety
8. Technology overload
9. The paradox of progress
10. The point/counterpoint phenomenon

 

ANS: c             REF: 2

OBJ: 2              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

7. Many theorists believe that the basic challenge of modern life has become the search for
8. cultural significance.
9. a healthy leisure activity.
10. meaning or a sense of direction.
11. a significant other to share one’s life.

 

ANS: c             REF: 2                          MSC: WWW

OBJ: 2              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

8. According to social critics, all of the following are examples of the search for direction gone awry except
9. enrollment in “self-realization” programs.
10. the desire to spend more time with loved ones.
11. joining cults and unorthodox religious groups.
12. the popularity of media figures such as Dr. Laura.

 

ANS: b             REF: 4-5

OBJ: 3              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

9. Most experts characterize “self-realization” programs (e.g., est training, Silva Mind Control) as
10. intellectually stimulating.
11. intellectually bankrupt.
12. spiritually revitalizing.
13. spiritually self-defeating.

 

ANS: b             REF: 4

OBJ: 3              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

10. While the famous radio talk show host Dr. Laura is a licensed Marriage, Family, and Child Counselor, she holds a doctoral degree in
11. psychology.
12. social work.
13. physiology.
14. psychiatry.

 

ANS: c             REF: 5

OBJ: 3              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

 

11. Surveys exploring psychotherapists’ opinions of self-help books suggest
12. there are some excellent books that offer authentic insight and sound advice.
13. there are some good books that offer adequate insight and advice.
14. there are some excellent books that offer good general advice, but very few that offer good specific advice for particular problems.
15. psychotherapists don’t endorse the use of self-help books because it’s bad for business.

 

ANS: a             REF: 6

OBJ: 4              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

12. “Psychobabble” is best defined as
13. professional psychological terminology.
14. textbook definitions.
15. ill-defined terminology.
16. technical terminology.

 

ANS: c             REF: 7

OBJ: 4              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy                     NOT: New

 

13. Many self-help books
14. encourage a narcissistic approach to life.
15. encourage a focus on other people.
16. place others first, over the reader.
17. encourage self-effacement.

 

ANS: a             REF: 7

OBJ: 4              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate              NOT: New

 

14. In order to evaluate self-help books for ourselves, we may employ critical thinking. Which of the following is NOT a critical thinking guideline?
15. Examine the evidence.
16. Analyze biases and assumptions.
17. Use emotional reasoning.
18. Tolerate uncertainty.

 

ANS: c             REF: 10

OBJ: 5              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

15. A high-quality self-help book will
16. give advice on a wide range of problems.
17. be based primarily on the author’s speculations about human nature.
18. not promise too much in the way of immediate change.
19. always contain detailed summaries of research supporting the advice given.

 

ANS: c             REF: 8

OBJ: 5              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

 

16. Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?
17. Clarity in communication
18. Focus on a particular kind of problem
19. Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice
20. All of these

 

ANS: d             REF: 8

OBJ: 5              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy                     NOT: New

 

17. You can reasonably expect some assistance from a book that is intended to help you to
18. lose 20 pounds every month.
19. learn to eat more healthily and gradually include more exercise in your weekly routine.
20. build muscle overnight.
21. find the thin person trapped inside of you.

 

ANS: b             REF: 8-9

OBJ: 5              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Difficult

 

18. This text assumes the key to effective adjustment is to
19. take charge of your own life.
20. meet problems head-on.
21. take an active role in improving the quality of your life.
22. all of these.

 

ANS: d             REF: 10

OBJ: 6              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate              NOT: New

 

19. Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying assumptions of this textbook?
20. You can only change your behavior by consulting a professional psychologist.
21. The key to effective adjustment is to take charge of your own life.
22. Critical thinking involves a skeptical attitude.
23. Knowledge of psychological principles may be of value in everyday life.

 

ANS: a             REF: 9-10

OBJ: 6              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate              NOT: New

 

20. Which of the following are essential guidelines for thinking critically?
21. Define the problem.
22. Avoid emotional reasoning.
23. Analyze biases and assumptions.
24. Use either-or thinking.

 

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 1, 2, and 3 only
4. 1, 2, 3, and 4

 

ANS: c             REF: 10

OBJ: 6              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

 

21. Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?
22. The study of consciousness
23. The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems
24. The study of abnormal behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to diagnosing and treating people with mental illness
25. The study of motivation, emotion, and memory

 

ANS: b             REF: 10                                    MSC: WWW

OBJ: 7              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

22. Which of the following is the best example of “overt” activity?
23. Eating
24. Thinking
25. Dreaming
26. Reasoning

 

ANS: a             REF: 10

OBJ: 7              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

23. “Any overt response or activity by an organism” defines the term
24. behavior.
25. empiricism.
26. psychology.
27. mental process.

 

ANS: a             REF: 10                        MSC: WWW

OBJ: 7              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

24. Some psychologists prefer to study animals rather than humans mainly because
25. animal subjects tend to be more cooperative than humans.
26. it’s easier to control the factors influencing animals’ behavior.
27. researchers do not have to worry about causing discomfort to animals.
28. most animals are unable to figure out the hypotheses for a particular study.

 

ANS: b             REF: 10-11

OBJ: 7              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

25. Until the 1950s, psychologists were found almost exclusively in
26. private industry.
27. academic institutions.
28. mental health facilities.
29. the psychiatric wards of hospitals.

 

ANS: b             REF: 11

OBJ: 7              KEY: Factual                DIF: Difficult

 

 

26. Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with
27. discovering the mechanisms of learning.
28. the physiological processes involved in behavior.
29. research dealing with the structure of consciousness.
30. the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.

 

ANS: d             REF: 11                        MSW: WWW

OBJ: 7              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

27. The rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by
28. the demands of World War II.
29. growing interest in self-help approaches.
30. the inability of physicians to cure most psychological disorders.
31. psychological problems resulting from the Great Depression of the 1930s.

 

ANS: a             REF: 11

OBJ: 7              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

28. The term __________ refers to the psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life.
29. adaptation
30. adjustment
31. personality
32. mental health

 

ANS: b             REF: 11

OBJ: 8              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

29. The process of adjustment relates to
30. how people deal with stress.
31. behavior in groups.
32. friendship and love.
33. all of these.

 

ANS: d             REF: 11

OBJ: 8              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate              NOT: New

 

30. ______________ is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
31. Self-help
32. Codependence
33. Empiricism
34. Subjectivism

 

ANS: c             REF: 12

OBJ: 9              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

 

31. Which of the following does NOT represent an empirical technique?
32. Watching people engage in a learning activity
33. Weighing rats after two months of a special diet
34. Gauging the speed with which a patient performs a fine motor activity
35. Speculating about the factors that are related to human happiness

 

ANS: d             REF: 12

OBJ: 9              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

32. Which of the following is the basis of empiricism?
33. Correlation
34. Logic
35. Systematic observation
36. Common sense

 

ANS: c             REF: 12                        MSC: WWW

OBJ: 9              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

33. Compared to other methods of drawing conclusions about behavior, the major advantages of the scientific approach are
34. emphasis on empiricism; subjectivity.
35. bias; ability to generalize the findings.
36. clarity and precision; relative intolerance of error.
37. freedom to make value judgments; use of statistics.

 

ANS: c             REF: 12

OBJ: 10            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

34. According to your text, the two main types of research methods in psychology are ______ research methods and ______ research methods.
35. biased; unbiased
36. experimental; control
37. dependent; independent
38. experimental; correlational

 

ANS: d             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

35. An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result.
36. control; experimental
37. experimental; control
38. independent; dependent
39. dependent; independent

 

ANS: c             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

 

36. Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that increases in anxiety would cause increases in desire to be with others. In this study, the independent variable was
37. level of anxiety.
38. desire to be with others.
39. anxious subjects.
40. affiliation.

 

ANS: a             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

37. A condition or event that an experimenter varies to see its impact on another variable is called a(n) ______ variable.
38. control
39. dependent
40. independent
41. experimental

 

ANS: c             REF: 12                        MSC: WWW

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

38. A measurement of some aspect of the subject’s behavior after the experimental manipulation is called a(n) ______ variable.
39. control
40. dependent
41. independent
42. experimental

 

ANS: b             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

39. A researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the independent variable is
40. the children.
41. the type of diet.
42. the age of the children.
43. a measure of learning.

 

ANS: b             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

40. A researcher wants to examine the effects of caffeine consumption on memory ability. In this study, the dependent variable is
41. the children.
42. memory ability.
43. caffeine consumption.
44. the grade level of the children.

 

ANS: b             REF: 12

OBJ: 11            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

 

41. An experimental group consists of subjects who
42. are unaware of the purpose of the study.
43. merely act as if they are unaware of the purpose.
44. receive some special treatment in regard to the dependent variable.
45. receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

 

ANS: d             REF: 13                        MSC: WWW

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

42. A control group consists of subjects who
43. are controlled by the experimenter.
44. are allowed to control the manipulation of the variables.
45. do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.
46. receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

 

ANS: c             REF: 13

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

43. The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for
44. the number of subjects in each group.
45. the variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.
46. the assumptions underlying the research question.
47. the method of measuring the dependent variable.

 

ANS: b             REF: 13

OBJ: 11            KEY: Factual    DIF: Moderate

 

44. Suppose a researcher wants to know whether a high-protein diet causes children to learn better in school. Half of the children in the study eat a high-protein diet while the other half eats their normal diet. The control group consists of the
45. male children.
46. older children.
47. children who eat their normal diet.
48. children who eat the high protein diet.

 

ANS: c             REF: 13

OBJ: 11            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

45. The logic of the experimental method rests heavily on the assumption that
46. two variables are positively correlated.
47. experimental and control groups are alike in all important matters except for the independent variable.
48. experimental and control groups are alike in all important matters except for the dependent variable.
49. the independent variable is quantifiable and measurable.

 

ANS: b             REF: 13

OBJ: 11            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

 

46. Which of the following is the primary advantage of the experimental method?
47. It lacks the ethical concerns of other methods.
48. It lacks the practical concerns of other methods.
49. It broadens the scope of what psychologists can study scientifically.
50. It allows scientists to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.

 

ANS: d             REF: 14                        MSC: WWW

OBJ: 11            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

47. Dr. Brill randomly assigns 100 test-anxious student volunteers to either a group that will receive therapeutic touch treatment or a group that will receive a sham version of the treatment. Based on her results, Dr. Brill will have evidence of
48. how well therapeutic touch works in the treatment of various mood disorders.
49. how test-anxious students behave in a classroom setting.
50. how effective the sham version of the treatment is.
51. whether or not therapeutic touch may cause an alleviation of symptoms of test anxiety.

 

ANS: d             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Difficult

 

48. Which of the following best describes correlational research?
49. Exerting experimental control
50. Manipulating an independent variable
51. Manipulating a dependent variable
52. Making systematic observations

 

ANS: d             REF. 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

49. A correlation exists when
50. two variables are related to each other.
51. two variables have the same underlying cause.
52. two variables are affected by a third variable.
53. a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables.

 

ANS: a             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

50. A(n) ___________ is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
51. independent variable
52. correlation coefficient
53. survey coefficient
54. experimental coefficient

 

ANS: b             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

 

51. A correlation coefficient indicates the __________ and the ___________ of the relationship between two variables.
52. cause; effect
53. control; manipulation
54. strength; direction
55. positive; negative

 

ANS: c             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

52. The definitive aspect of correlational studies is that
53. a causal relationship exists between the variables.
54. researchers cannot control the variables under study.
55. the subjects must constitute a representative sample.
56. control of one variable interferes with control of another variable.

 

ANS: b             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

53. A positive correlation coefficient indicates the two variables covary in the __________ and a negative coefficient indicates that the variables covary ____________.
54. same direction; in the opposite direction
55. opposite direction; directly
56. same direction; directly
57. opposite direction; in the same direction

 

ANS: a             REF: 14                        NOT: New

OBJ: 12            KEY: Factual                DIF: Difficult

 

54. Mario found a +0.80 correlation coefficient between height and diet. He was able to conclude:
55. A particular diet causes people to grow.
56. People who are taller eat more.
57. There is a strong relationship between height and diet.
58. People should be careful what they feed their children because it could stunt their growth.

 

ANS: c             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

55. The textbook author writes, “Those who perform poorly in high school tend to perform poorly in college” as an example of a
56. positive correlation.
57. negative correlation.
58. inverse correlation.
59. indirect correlation.

 

ANS: a             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

 

56. A correlation coefficient of -.80 indicates a
57. mild, inverse correlation.
58. strong, inverse correlation.
59. strong, direct correlation.
60. nonexistent correlation.

 

ANS: b             REF: 14

OBJ: 12            KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

57. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?
58. -.36
59. -.97
60. +.75
61. +.15

 

ANS: d             REF: 14                        NOT: New

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

58. When temperatures rise during summer in the desert, the amount of outdoor activities declines. This relationship is an example of
59. a positive correlation.
60. a negative correlation.
61. cause and effect.
62. an experiment.

 

ANS: b             REF: 14                        NOT: New

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

59. When temperatures increase during summer, ice cream sales increase. This relationship is an example of
60. a positive correlation.
61. a negative correlation.
62. cause and effect.
63. an experiment.

 

ANS: a             REF: 14                        NOT: New

OBJ: 12            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

60. A teacher takes notes while watching students on the playground to see if differences in play behavior are associated with discipline problems in class. The teacher is using which of the following research methods?
61. Survey
62. Case study
63. Experimentation
64. Naturalistic observation

 

ANS: d             REF: 15

OBJ: 13            KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

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Chapter 5

PSYCHOLOGY and physical Health

 

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 

Stress, Personality, and Illness

1. Describe the Type A personality and evidence regarding its most toxic element.
2. Understand possible explanations for the link between hostility and heart disease.

3    Summarize evidence relating emotional reactions and depression to heart disease.

4. Discuss the evidence linking stress and personality to cancer.
5. Summarize evidence linking stress to a variety of diseases and immune functioning.
6. Evaluate the strength of the relationship between stress and illness.

 

Habits, Lifestyles, and Health

7. Identify some reasons for why people develop health-impairing habits.
8. Discuss the health effects of smoking and the dynamics of giving up smoking.
9. Summarize data on patterns of alcohol use and social costs of drinking.
10. Discuss the health risks and determinants of obesity.
11. Outline the key elements in effective weight-loss efforts.
12. Provide examples of links between nutrition and health and three general goals to foster sound nutrition.
13. Assess benefits and risks of exercise.
14. List four guidelines for embarking on an effective exercise program.
15. Describe AIDS and summarize evidence on the transmission of the HIV virus.

 

Reactions to Illness

16. Summarize evidence on patterns of treatment-seeking behavior.
17. Explain the appeal of the “sick role.”
18. Identify the factors that tend to undermine doctor-patient communication and how to improve it.
19. Discuss the prevalence of nonadherence to medical advice and its causes.

 

APPLICATION: Understanding the Effects of Drugs

20. Explain the concepts of drug tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and overdose.
21. Summarize the main effects and risks of narcotics and sedatives.
22. Describe the main effects and risks of stimulant drugs and hallucinogens.
23. Outline the main effects and risks of marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA).

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES	Item Number
1.   Describe the Type A personality and evidence regarding its most toxic element.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, TF1, TF2
2.   Understand possible explanations for the link between hostility and heart disease.	11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, SG1, TF3, SA1
3    Summarize evidence relating emotional reactions and depression to heart disease.	18, 19, TF4
4.   Discuss the evidence linking stress and personality to cancer.	20, 21
5.   Summarize evidence linking stress to a variety of diseases and immune functioning.	22, 23, 24, 25, 26
6.   Evaluate the strength of the relationship between stress and illness.	27, 28, 29, SG2, TF5
7.   Identify some reasons for why people develop health-impairing habits.	30, 31
8.   Discuss the health effects of smoking and the dynamics of giving up smoking.	32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, SG3, TF6, TF7, SA2
9.   Summarize data on patterns of alcohol use and the health risks and social costs of drinking.	38, 39, 40, 41, SA3
10. Discuss the health risks and determinants of obesity.	42, 43, 44, SG4, SA4, SA5
11. Outline the key elements in effective weight-loss efforts.	45, 46
12. Provide examples of links between nutrition and health and outline three general goals to foster nutrition.	47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, SG5, SA6
13. Assess the benefits and risks of exercise.	57, 58, 59
14. List four guidelines for embarking on an effective exercise program.	60, 61, SA7
15. Describe AIDS and summarize evidence on the transmission of the HIV virus.	62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, SG6, TF8, TF9, SA8
16. Summarize evidence on patterns of treatment-seeking behavior.	70, 71
17. Explain the appeal of the “sick role.”	72, 73
18. Identify the factors that tend to undermine doctor-patient communication and how to improve it.	74, 75, SG7, SA9
19. Discuss the prevalence of nonadherence to medical advice and its causes.	76, 77, SG8
20. Explain the concepts of drug tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and overdose.	78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, SG9, TF10
21. Summarize the main effects and risks of narcotics and sedatives.	84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, SG10
22. Describe the main effects and risks of stimulant drugs and hallucinogens.	91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, SA10
23. Outline the main effects and risks of marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA).		98, 99, 100, 101, 105

Key: Multiple-Choice question numbers appear first, followed by Study Guide question numbers (SG), True/False (TF), and Short Answer (SA).

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Before the 20th century, the principal threats to health in our society were
2. farm accidents.
3. heart diseases.
4. contagious diseases.
5. various forms of cancer.

 

ANS: c             REF: 139

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

2. ______ play a larger role in chronic diseases than contagious diseases.
3. Lifestyles
4. Viruses
5. Infections and viruses
6. Lifestyles and stress

 

ANS: d             REF: 138

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

3. The greatest threat to health in our society today is posed by
4. homicide.
5. chronic diseases.
6. contagious diseases.
7. environmental toxins.

 

ANS: b             REF: 138                      MSC: WWW

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Difficult

 

4. Which of the following is NOT considered a chronic disease?
5. Cancer
6. Stroke
7. Influenza
8. Heart disease

 

ANS: c             REF: 139                      MSC: WWW

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

5. Which of the following is known to be the principal cause of coronary heart disease?
6. Diabetes
7. Atherosclerosis
8. Alzheimer’s disease
9. Posttraumatic stress disorder

 

ANS: b             REF: 141

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

 

6. ________ psychology is the area concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health.
7. Health
8. Clinical
9. Community
10. Psychosociology

 

ANS: a             REF: 140

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

7. ______ is the gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries.
8. Cancer
9. Influenza
10. Atherosclerosis
11. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

 

ANS: c             REF: 141

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

8. The name of the condition when the heart is temporarily deprived of adequate blood flow is
9. atherosclerosis.
10. coronary heart disease.
11. myocardial ischemia.
12. myocardial infarction.

 

ANS: c             REF: 141

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Difficult

 

9. A heart attack is called
10. atherosclerosis.
11. coronary heart disease.
12. a myocardial ischemia.
13. a myocardial infarction.

 

ANS: d             REF: 141

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

10. Angina is
11. a psychosomatic condition.
12. chest pain.
13. a mild heart attack.
14. a heart attack.

 

ANS: b             REF: 141

OBJ: 1              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

 

11. The Type A behavior pattern is most closely linked to which of the following physical ailments?
12. Cancer
13. Asthma
14. Alzheimer’s disease
15. Coronary heart disease

 

ANS: d             REF: 142

OBJ: 2              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

12. Hank continually loses his temper when waiting in lines. He has very little patience for other people and is driven to be highly successful. Hank’s personality is called
13. Type A
14. Type AeH
15. Hostile subtype
16. Domineering subtype

 

ANS: a             REF: 142

OBJ: 2              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Moderate

 

13. Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type A personality?
14. Hostile
15. Patient
16. Permissive
17. Cooperative

 

ANS: a             REF: 142

OBJ: 2              KEY: Conceptual          DIF: Easy

 

14. Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type B personality?
15. Impatient
16. Easy-going
17. Competitive
18. Time-conscious

 

ANS: b             REF: 142

OBJ: 2              KEY: Factual                DIF: Moderate

 

15. Which of the following characteristics is least closely associated with the Type B personality?
16. Patient
17. Easy-going
18. Competitive
19. Relatively relaxed

 

ANS: c             REF: 142

OBJ: 2              KEY: Factual                DIF: Easy

 

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