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Chapter 01: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science
1.0 – Chapter 01 Multiple Choice
- Which of the following statements is a formal definition of psychology?
- Psychology is the scientific study of human nature.
- Psychology is the scientific study of theories and research methods.
- Psychology is the scientific study of the process of learning and modifying behavioral reflexes.
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- Psychology is the scientific study of groups of people.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: d. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- The literal meaning of the word “psychology” is the
- study of the mind.
- study of people.
- science of behavior.
- study of insanity.
- science of people.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: a. study of the mind.
- The term “psyche” means
- people.
- thoughts.
- processes.
- brain.
- mind.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: e. mind.
- Modern psychology is best considered to be a
- collection of pieces of folk wisdom.
- series of contradictions to be sorted out.
- science.
Correct. The study of psychology is a science, which means that there are specific methods for asking questions, gathering data, and answering questions.
- therapeutic process.
Incorrect. Psychotherapy is a small part of the larger field of psychology. Modern psychology is best considered to be a science.
- pseudoscience.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1. 1
Answer: c. science.
- In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to
- internal, covert activities.
- outward behavior.
- overt actions and reactions.
- only animal behavior.
- sensory and perceptual events.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: a. internal, covert activities
- Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to “the science of behavior”?
- relation between grade-point average and salary
- thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
- how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
- effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression
- the hereditary determinants of sexual orientation
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 4
Topic: What Is Psychology – and What Is It NOT?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: b. thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
- The majority of psychologists work in
- private practice.
- public school.
- government.
- universities, colleges, and medical schools.
- not-for-profit agencies.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 5
Topic: Psychology: It’s More Than You Think
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: d. universities, colleges, and medical schools
- These psychologists perform most of the research that creates new psychological knowledge:
- industrial/organizational psychologists
- clinical psychologists
- school psychologists
- applied psychologists
- experimental psychologists
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 5
Topic: Psychology: It’s More Than You Think
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. experimental psychologists
- Margaret is a psychologist who designs programs to increase employee morale and workplace productivity. She is a(n)
- developmental psychologist.
- clinical psychologist.
- industrial/organizational psychologist.
Correct. This would fall under the job description of an I/O psychologist.
- applied psychologist.
Incorrect. An applied psychologist uses the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to tackle human problems of various types.
- experimental psychologist.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 5
Topic: Psychology: It’s More Than You Think
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: c. industrial/organizational psychologist.
- Dr. Jones is an industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologist. Thus, she is most likely to do which of the following?
- help individuals who have eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa
- conduct experiments to determine which studying strategies work best
- diagnose learning disabilities within a school district
- assist an athlete in creating an effective schedule of practice sessions
Incorrect. This might be the job duty of a sports psychologist.
- Help companies develop questions to ask job candidates.
Correct. I/O psychologists apply the scientific principles of psychology to the workplace, and this includes assisting with the processes of interviewing and hiring.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 5
Topic: Psychology: It’s More Than You Think
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. help companies develop questions to ask job candidates
- A(n) ________ psychologist would be most likely to help individuals overcome their depression.
- clinical
- industrial/organizational (I/O)
- engineering
- school
- social
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology: It’s More Than You Think
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: a. clinical
- One major difference between psychiatry and psychology is that psychiatry is
- a branch of sociology.
Incorrect. Neither psychiatry nor psychology are branches of sociology.
- a medical specialty.
Correct. Psychiatrists are medical doctors, while psychologists are not.
- focused on importance of perception for human function.
- part of a large group of specialties.
- involved in case study research.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology Is Not Psychiatry
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: b. a medical specialty.
- Which degree is a psychologist LEAST likely to have earned?
- master’s
- PhD
- EdD
- PsyD
- MD
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology Is Not Psychiatry
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. MD
- Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a
- psychiatrist.
Correct. Psychiatrists are medical doctors and can write prescriptions.
- psychoanalyst.
- humanistic psychologist.
Incorrect. This type of psychologist would never write a prescription for Ritalin.
- school psychologist.
- psychiatric social worker.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology is Not Psychiatry
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: a. psychiatrist.
- Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true?
- Rachel has not earned a PhD degree.
Correct. Rachel would have to earn a medical degree (MD) in order to be a psychiatrist. Ross would have to earn a different doctoral degree (PhD, PsyD, or EdD) to be a psychologist.
- They both have earned MD degrees.
Incorrect. A psychologist does not earn an MD degree.
- They both can prescribe medicine to help people with psychological problems.
- Only Ross can treat people with psychological problems.
- Ross is more likely than Rachel to use a medical perspective to understand people.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology is Not Psychiatry
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: a. Rachel has not earned a PhD degree.
- Psychology is distinct from psychiatry in that it
- requires significantly less graduate training.
Incorrect. Both fields of practice require intense and extensive graduate training.
- is concerned with all behavior, not just abnormality and mental illness.
Correct. As your authors note, psychology focuses on the whole range of human experiences, which includes but is not limited to mental disorders or illnesses.
- is based on counseling therapy rather than medication.
- is less concerned with scientific method than the latter disciplines.
- is not considered to be a scientific field.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 6
Topic: Psychology is Not Psychiatry
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: b. is concerned with all behavior, not just abnormality and mental illness.
- Psychology is differentiated from pseudo-psychology because of
- the absolute certainty of its findings.
Incorrect. Even with properly conducted research, one can never be absolutely certain of their findings.
- its focus on the natural rather than the social world.
- the more widespread public acceptance of pseudoscience.
- its findings are more relevant to human problems.
- its method of using the scientific method to test theories and hypotheses.
Correct. Pseudo-psychology makes claims that are not supported with any true scientific research. Psychology is a discipline that relies on the scientific method to support its claims.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 7
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. its method of using the scientific method to test theories and hypotheses.
- Which of the following is an example of pseudo-psychology?
- paranormal claims
- astrology
Incorrect. All of these options are examples of pseudoscience.
- graphology
- subliminal messages
- All of the above are correct.
Correct. None of the examples in this question can provide legitimate, scientifically-backed evidence that they are legitimate; therefore, they are all examples of pseudo-psychology.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 7
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. All of the above are correct.
- One evening, when he couldn’t sleep, Mr. Bradley turned on the television and saw an infomercial for a new sleep aid. As a critical thinker, Mr. Bradley should be most cautious about this new product if
- the product had been subjected to an experimental study and the scrutiny of a peer-review process.
- its makers claim it has been “proven” to induce sleep in 80 percent of test participants.
Correct. Remember that extraordinary claims without extraordinary evidence are one of the keys to identifying pseudo-psychology.
- its makers discuss the scientific investigations that have compared it to other effective sleep aids rather than relying on testimonials of those with insomnia.
- the results of research connect the efficacy of the sleep-aid to other widely accepted scientific findings.
Incorrect. Providing properly gathered scientific evidence is a key for supporting extraordinary claims.
- the advertisement noted several scientifically controlled studies that all found the same results.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 7
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: b. its makers claim it has been “proven” to induce sleep in 80 percent of test participants.
- After the abduction and murder of a well-known business leader, lawmakers immediately passed new legislation for increased penalties. This is an example of
- confirmation bias.
- realistic bias.
- volitional bias.
- reactive bias.
Incorrect. Your textbook does not discuss something called the reactive bias. Perhaps you have confused this with the emotional bias.
- emotional bias.
Correct. This refers to the tendency to make judgments based on attitudes and feelings rather than on rational analysis of a situation.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 8
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: e. emotional bias.
- The tendency to look for information that supports one’s own belief is called
- the principle of falsifiability.
- confirmation bias.
- criterion validity.
- volunteer bias.
- expectation bias.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 8
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: b. confirmation bias.
- The tendency to look for supportive evidence rather than actively seeking out contradictory evidence is known as
- the availability heuristic.
- belief perseverance.
- the confirmation bias.
- the hindsight bias.
- the emotional bias.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 8
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.1
Answer: c. the confirmation bias.
- Gwen has posted a questionnaire on MySpace asking her friends to support her idea of cell phones in the classroom. She ignores anyone opposing her beliefs, which is an example of
- naïve realism.
Incorrect. Naïve realism suggests that we believe that we see the world precisely as it is. The best answer to this question is the confirmation bias.
- conjunctive fallacy.
- confirmation bias.
Correct. The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that supports our point of view and ignore evidence that contradicts our point of view.
- attribution bias.
- reactive bias.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 8
Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.1
Answer: c. confirmation bias.
- Noted Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle observed that
- brain damage contributed to most mental disorders.
- emotions were caused by changes in brain chemistry.
- “truth” was determined by careful testing procedures.
- emotions can distort thinking.
- emotions were not worthy of scientific discussion.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 11
Topic: What are Psychology’s Six Main Perspectives?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: d. emotions can distort thinking.
- French philosopher René Descartes most likely would believe that individuals suffer from schizophrenia due to
- irrational ways of interpreting events in the world.
- unconscious conflicts involving sexuality and aggression.
- whether an individual lives in a destructive society
Incorrect. This would be a sociocultural explanation, and would not be consistent with the theories of René Descartes.
- the upbringing of the person.
- activity within the person’s nervous system.
Correct. René Descartes believed in a separation between the physical body and spiritual mind, and felt that behaviors were ‘hard-wired’ into the human nervous system.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 12
Topic: Separation of Mind and Body and the Modern Biological Perspective
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: e. activity within the person’s nervous system.
- A psychologist who studies how hormones affect a person’s behavior is using the ________ perspective.
- biological
- functional
- deterministic
- evolutionary
- humanistic
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 12
Topic: Separation of Mind and Body and the Modern Biological Perspective
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: a. biological
- Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because
- they help humans adapt to their natural environment.
Correct. Adaptation and survival are the basic tenets of evolutionary theory.
- human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates.
- they are the result of learning that has taken place over many centuries.
Incorrect. In fact, evolutionary theory does not allow for the idea that learned behaviors can become genetically passed from generation to generation.
- they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors.
- they are prewired to help us achieve self-actualization during our lifetimes.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 13
Topic: Separation of Mind and Body and the Modern Biological Perspective
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: a. they help humans adapt to their natural environment.
- Dr. Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world.
- psychoanalytic
- behavioral
- cognitive
Incorrect. Cognitive psychology does not address concepts like advantages in the natural world. The best answer to this question is evolutionary psychology.
- evolutionary
Correct. Survival advantage is a basic premise of evolutionary psychology.
- developmental
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 13
Topic: Separation of Mind and Body and the Modern Biological Perspective
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1.2
Answer: d. evolutionary
- A breakthrough in the scientific field of ________ ultimately led to the world’s first psychology laboratory.
- chemistry
- botany
- biology
- sociology
- geology
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 13
Topic: The Founding of Scientific Psychology and the Modern Cognitive Perspective
Skill: Factual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: a. chemistry
- Chemistry, physics, and anthropology are classified as scientific because of their
- findings.
- philosophy.
- methods.
Correct. The methods of science that are used to objectively measure phenomena are the basis of these disciplines.
- clinical application.
- usefulness in general life.
Incorrect. Your authors do not discuss the utility of these fields as that which distinguishes them as sciences.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 13
Topic: The Founding of Scientific Psychology and the Modern Cognitive Perspective
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.2
Answer: c. methods.
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Chapter 05: Memory
1.0 – Chapter 05 Multiple Choice
- ________ refers to the term for any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.
- Perception
- Processing
- Learning
- Memory
- Sensation
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 172
Topic: What Is Memory?
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: d. Memory
- Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are
- receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage.
- the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response.
- bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing.
- acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
- elaboration, maintenance, interference.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 173
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5. 1
Answer: a. receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage.
- Psychologists see memory as a(n) ________ system.
- learning
Incorrect. We certainly must learn, or be exposed, to information to encode it into memory, but this is not the best answer.
- interpretive
Correct. Memory is responsible for taking in certain information while discarding other. That which is taken in is arranged into meaningful patterns.
- cognition
- imitation
- homeostasis
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: b. interpretive
- Memory is considered to
- involve storage of information as in a bank vault.
- operate just like a video recorder.
- be a perfect replication of our experiences.
Incorrect. As your text points out in several different areas, memory is anything but perfect!
- be an interpretative process.
Correct. Memory is responsible for taking in certain information while discarding other. That which is taken in is arranged into meaningful patterns.
- be a permanent form of information storage.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: d. be an interpretative process.
- The reason it may be difficult to remember how many rows of stars appear on the United States flag is most likely due to
- the limits of our visual system.
- sensory adaptation.
Incorrect. Sensory adaptation is not related to your inability to remember things to which you’ve paid less than full attention.
- the fact that we pay little attention to such details.
Correct. Attention is the first step in encoding. Only that to which we pay true attention is likely to create any real memory codes.
- habituation.
- sensory interference.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.1
Answer: c. the fact that we pay little attention to such details.
- Our memory ability is WORST for
- information which we focused our attention on.
- information in which we are interested.
Incorrect. As your authors point out, interest leads to attention, and attention is critical for effective memory skills.
- emotionally arousing information.
- information that we have practiced repeatedly.
- information that doesn’t fit with previous experiences.
Correct. This sort of consistency between new information and previously stored data enhances memory processes.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: e. information that doesn’t fit with previous experiences.
- The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ________model of memory.
- information-processing
- top-down storage
- classical conditioning
- Tolman’s cognitive
- Atkinson and Shiffrin
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 174
Topic: Metaphors for Memory
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: a. information-processing
- The key tasks of a memory system are to
- encode, store, and retrieve.
- perceive, chunk, and recall.
- sense, understand, and rehearse.
- process, rearrange, and simplify.
- be exposed to, combine, and consider.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 174
Topic: Memory’s Three Basic Tasks
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: a. encode, store, and retrieve.
- When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called
- encoding.
- storage.
- retrieval.
- evaluation.
- rehearsal.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 174
Topic: Memory’s Three Basic Tasks
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1
Answer: a. encoding.
- The first step in the memory process is ________information in a form that the memory system can use
- encoding.
- storing.
- retrieving.
- evaluating.
- transduction.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 174
Topic: Memory’s Three Basic Tasks
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1
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