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CHAPTER 2
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_02_01_Psychoanalytic Theories
Which family of theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the “whys” of human
development?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Humanistic
C) Biological
D) Cognitive
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_02_Psychoanalytic Theories
Psychoanalytic theorists argue that human development depends on
A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli.
B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment.
C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior.
D) social relationships.
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_03_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups?
A) His own children
B) Children who were orphaned
C) Male adult patients who had suffered traumatic events
D) Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_04_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Which of the following describes Freud’s view of the components of an individual’s personality?
A) Formal operations
B) Id, ego, and identity
C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality
D) Id, ego, superego
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_05_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically
pleasurable ways?
A) Executive control of the ego
B) Moral guardian of the superego
C) Libido of the id
D) Reality principle of the superego
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_06_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Jada saw some money lying unattended on a store counter. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her
from doing so. Which part of Jada’s personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the
money?
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Unconscious
D) Id
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_07_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, which of the following illustrates the functioning of the id?
A) “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”
B) Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae
C) Stealing a pair of earbuds because you want them
D) Planning a sexual interlude with your dating partner
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_08_No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding repressed memories?
A) Adults who were abused as children never recall the abuse.
B) The best way to reveal repressed memories is for a therapist to actively suggest that such memories exist.
C) It is highly unlikely that false memories will be retrieved because of the fundamental inaccuracy of human
memory.
D) The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims.
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_09_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early
environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation?
A) Defense mechanisms
B) Libido failure
C) Fixation
D) Extinction
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
TB_02_10_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to
A) reinforcement.
B) psychosocial.
C) dilemma resolution.
D) psychosensual.
Answer: B
Level: Moderate
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_11_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erikson’s developmental theory is called “psychosocial” because it involves the interaction of __________ and
__________..
A) internal drives; environmental consequences
B) internal drives; unregulated emotions
C) internal drives; cultural demands
D) internal drives; social instincts
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_12_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a
regular schedule. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, which of the following crises was not properly
resolved?
A) Industry vs. inferiority
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Trust vs. mistrust
D) Initiative vs. guilt
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_13_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant’s first psychosocial task?
A) Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful
B) Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others
C) Becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents
D) Learning to trust a primary caregiver and one’s own ability to make things happen
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_14_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
According to Erikson, what is the central issue of adolescence?
A) To develop a sense of autonomy, or become ashamed of one’s inability to be independent of parents
B) To develop initiative and become purposeful and goal-oriented, or to feel guilty about the inability to focus and
achieve
C) To form intimate relationships, or to risk isolation and rejection
D) To examine one’s identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_15_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erikson’s dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with which developmental age?
A) Birth to one year
B) 2 to 3 years
C) 18 to 30 years
D) 30 years to late adulthood
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_16_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, which of the following defines generativity?
A) A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations
B) A sense of needing to make up for one’s shortcomings
C) The need to resolve a midlife crisis
D) The need to establish intimate relationships
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_17_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise
healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children
become good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Carolyn most likely
experiencing?
A) Identity vs. role confusion
B) Integrity vs. despair
C) Intimacy vs. isolation
D) Generativity vs. stagnation
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_18_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
A self-absorbed, nongenerative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at
risk for which of the following?
A) Isolation
B) Stagnation
C) Inferiority
D) Mistrust
Answer: B
Level: Moderate
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development
TB_02_19_Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories
Which of the following is the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
A) They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human
development.
B) Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development.
C) They have had little impact on laypeople’s understanding of psychology.
D) It has been very difficult to test their key concepts.
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.1.3: Assess the strengths and weakness of psychoanalytic theory
TB_02_20_Learning Theories
Watson believed that children could be trained to be or do anything through
A) manipulation of the environment.
B) sensory deprivation.
C) a focus on meeting early basic needs.
D) biological conditioning.
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Learning Theories
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development
TB_02_21_Classical Conditioning
During classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon
juice is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________.
A) conditional stimulus; conditioned response
B) punishment; conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
D) conditional stimulus; unconditioned response
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development
TB_02_22_Classical Conditioning
If you are training a child to produce a reflexive response following a nonreflexive stimulus, which method of
learning are you employing?
A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Response-reward learning
D) Operant conditioning
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development
TB_02_23_Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following?
A) Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning
B) The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience
C) The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment
D) Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development
TB_02_24_Classical Conditioning
Which psychologist studied “Little Albert?”
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) John Watson
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Edwin Guthrie
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development
TB_02_25_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Who introduced the term “operant conditioning?”
A) Albert Bandura
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Erik Erikson
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_26_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Behavior is more likely to reoccur if
A) there is intrinsic reinforcement.
B) it has been reinforced.
C) it is extinct.
D) it has been punished.
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_27_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for 10 minutes. His mother ignores him for 10
minutes, but finally gives in and says, “Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!” If the boy engages in more
whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following principles would apply to
the mother?
A) Negative punishment
B) Positive punishment
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Positive reinforcement
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_28_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all the trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is
grounded. Which of the following principles has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores?
A) Punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Extinction
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_29_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Which of the following is an example of extinction?
A) You change to a different slot machine because the one that you’ve been playing doesn’t pay very often.
B) You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million.
C) You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning.
D) You purchase mega-bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_30_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Which of the following results in behaviors that are difficult to extinguish?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) The application of conditioned stimuli
C) Continuous reinforcement schedules
D) Partial reinforcement schedules
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_31_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Which of the following is a common mistake parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors?
A) They forget to use continuous schedules of reinforcement.
B) They create schedules of partial reinforcement when they think they are punishing.
C) They use reinforcement of desired behaviors, when they should be using punishment of undesired behaviors.
D) They don’t use punishment often enough.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach
TB_02_32_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Which of the following theorists is primarily responsible for developing social-cognitive learning theory?
A) Albert Bandura
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Louis Morehouse
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory
38
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_33_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Which statement summarizes social-cognitive learning theory?
A) Children learn best through observation as long as they are consistently rewarded for the same behaviors.
B) Children respond best to frequent reinforcement and praise.
C) Rewards and punishments are not always necessary, as children learn through observing siblings’ interactions
with their parents.
D) Punishment is preferred over reinforcement as a means of teaching new behaviors.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory
TB_02_34_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
According to social-cognitive theory, which of the following terms describes the expectancies we acquire about
what we can and cannot do?
A) Self-monitoring
B) Self-evaluation
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-evidence
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory
TB_02_35_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he
believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Social-cognitive theorists would consider this an
example of
A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) delayed gratification.
C) a positive self-image.
D) self-efficacy.
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory
TB_02_36_Evaluation of Learning Theories
Which of these scenarios illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory?
A) Zhenya misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss
curfew.
B) When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sandi, Sandi’s sister Amber, who observed this
response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo.
C) Jillian seeks advice from a chat forum on the Internet about her recurring headaches.
D) As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Alina
decides to drop out of college for a semester.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Evaluation of Learning Theories
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.2.4: Contrast how the learning theories explain human development
39
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_37_Evaluation of Learning Theories
Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-cognitive theory?
A) It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned.
B) It works well when trying to modify undesirable behaviors.
C) It explains unconscious, involuntary emotional responses.
D) It defines specific stages most humans pass through as they grow and develop.
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Evaluation of Learning Theories
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.2.4: Contrast how the learning theories explain human development
TB_02_38_Cognitive Theories
Which of the following family of theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and
logic?
A) Cognitive
B) Social
C) Psychodynamic
D) Behavioral
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Topic: Cognitive Theories
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_39_Cognitive Theories
Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements
explains this behavior?
A) Children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon.
B) Infants’ brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions.
C) Infants rely on their motor skills and senses to explore and learn about the world.
D) Infants want to avoid punishment from caregivers.
Answer: C
Level: Moderate
Topic: Cognitive Theories
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_40_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
According to the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, how you act at a party depends upon which
of the following to guide and direct your behavior?
A) Scheme
B) Memory
C) Reinforcement
D) Sensorimotor skills
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
40
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_41_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Which of the following defines the term “scheme” according to Piaget?
A) A child’s mischievous plan to outwit her parents.
B) The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar
information in the future.
C) The meaning a child ascribes to an experience.
D) A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions.
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_42_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Two-year-old Marjoe pointed to a cow in a pasture and said “Doggie!” Which Piagetian principle is Marjoe using to
name the animal?
A) Memorization
B) Assimilation
C) Preoperational thought
D) Accommodation
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_43_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following applies to the process of
assimilation?
A) Changing a scheme as a result of acquiring new information
B) Being shaped by the environment
C) Using an internal model of experience
D) Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_44_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves “birds.” Now he
correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished?
A) Assimilation
B) Concrete operations
C) Accommodation
D) Proximal development
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
41
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_45_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Which of the following describes the process of accommodation?
A) The use of multiple strategies to address new problems.
B) Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences.
C) Using symbols to represent events from the real world.
D) Understanding the world in terms of one’s senses and motor actions.
Answer: B
Level: Moderate
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Appy What You Know
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_46_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Piaget believed that children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their
environments. Which of the following terms did he use to describe this process?
A) Accommodation
B) Scaffolding
C) Calibration
D) Equilibration
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_47_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is called
A) sensorimotor.
B) preoperations.
C) equilibration.
D) formal operations.
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_48_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
During which stage of cognitive development does a child first acquire symbols to think and communicate?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Formal operations
D) Concrete operations
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
42
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_49_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Which of the following illustrates the term “conservation” according to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
A) The child learns the importance of recycling.
B) The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea.
C) The child learns the importance of treating the environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered.
D) The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same.
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_50_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Two-year-old Sven can use crayons and paper to draw pictures. According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental
theory, why is Sven drawing pictures?
A) He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts.
B) At this age, the drawings mean nothing; Sven is simply improving his motor skills.
C) Sven is in the early stages of learning to write.
D) He is presenting an outward manifestation of others’ thoughts.
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_51_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
During which of Piaget’s stages does the child learn to manipulate ideas, concrete objects, or events, as well as to
use abstract ideas and hypothetical situations in solving problems?
A) Zone of proximal development
B) Concrete operational
C) Information processing
D) Formal operational
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget
TB_02_52_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Which of the following theorists is known for the development of sociocultural theory?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Albert Bandura
D) Ivan Pavlov
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky
43
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_02_53_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Four-year-old Elena can untie her shoes, but she needs her mother’s help to tie them. She also needs her mother’s
help to button her sweater. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, this situation illustrates Elena’s
A) scaffold.
B) zone of proximal development.
C) adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
D) sensorimotor development.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky
TB_02_54_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Jan likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours
milk into a smaller container just for Jan. Which of the following has Jan’s mother provided?
A) Concrete operations
B) Scaffolding
C) A zone of proximal development
D) Assimilation
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky
TB_02_55_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
An adult adapts a process to a child’s developmental level in order to assist the child in developing a new skill or
ability. What would Vygotsky call this process?
A) Scaffolding
B) Assisting
C) Accommodating
D) Adapting
Answer: A
Level: Moderate
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky
TB_02_56_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
“Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child’s healthy development.” Which of the following
theories would most likely support this statement?
A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Sociocultural
Answer: D
Level: Moderate
Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Skill: Analyze It
LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky
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TB_02_57_Information-Processing Theory
Information processing theorists liken the human mind to
A) a well-oiled machine.
B) a computer.
C) a library.
D) a complex puzzle.
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Topic: Information-Processing Theory
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental
psychologists
TB_02_58_Information-Processing Theory
Before information can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the following memory systems is the
information processed?
A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Adaptive memory
D) Random access memory
Answer: B
Level: Moderate
Topic: Information-Processing Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental
psychologists
TB_02_59_Information-Processing Theory
Neo-Piagetian theorists combine which of the following concepts to explain cognitive development in children?
A) Erikson’s developmental stages and Piaget’s cognitive theory
B) Piaget’s cognitive theory and information processing theory
C) Bandura’s observational theory and Piaget’s cognitive theory
D) Social-learning theory and Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Topic: Information-Processing Theory
Skill: Evaluate It
LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental
psychologists
TB_02_60_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories
