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1. Explain how cells, proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, chromosomes,
and genes are related to each other.
2. Define genotype and phenotype, explain the impact of both on an individual’s traits, and
give an example of each.
3. Describe how the sex of a fetus is decided at conception.
4. Define autosomes, and differentiate the terms homozygous and heterozygous.
5. List three unanticipated consequences of China’s one-child policy. In which year did
China rescind this policy?
6. Describe the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, including how each
type of twin is conceived.
7. Describe three of the surprises revealed upon the completion of the Human Genome
Project.
8. Explain how color blindness is inherited and why it is much more common in one sex
than the other.
9. Briefly describe differentiation and when it begins. Give at least two examples of cell
differentiation.
10. Describe the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period of prenatal
development. Identify the length of each period, including the major developmental
milestones that occur during each.
11. What makes Down syndrome a chromosomal condition? There are 11 characteristics that are often associated with Down syndrome. List four of these characteristics.
12. Identify three recessive conditions that are X-linked. Which condition results in
cognitive deficits that are the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability?
13. Tad and Valessa, married for two years, have been talking about starting a family. Tad
knows that he has some health conditions in his family, including autism and dementia.
Valessa’s uncle died of Huntington’s disease, and her grandmother suffered from schizophrenia. Tad and Valessa want to determine their risk of passing on one or more of these disorders to their children if they decide to conceive. What type of professional would help answer their questions? Explain what they can expect to learn.
14. Define behavioral teratogens, and name at least two common ones. State two potential
consequences of exposure to them.
15. Trace and Emily, recently married, are talking about expanding their family. The couple comes to you for advice on what they can do to ensure a healthy pregnancy. List five suggestions that Emily can follow prior to becoming pregnant.
16. According to recent studies, how many American women drink during pregnancy?
What group of women are most likely to consume alcohol during pregnancy? Assume that a woman gives birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Describe the
characteristics of a child with this disorder.
17. Name four factors that contribute to low-birthweight.
18. Newborn Josie received an Apgar rating following her birth. Explain what the Apgar
scale is, including the five vital signs that it measures. Josie received a 4 at one minute
and five minutes after birth. What does this score indicate?
19. Explain the procedure known as a cesarean section, and discuss at least two benefits and
two risks associated with this kind of delivery.
20. Describe the maternal symptoms of postpartum depression. What are two possible outcomes of postpartum depression for the baby?
21. The genes on the chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell instruct the cell to
manufacture the _____ needed to sustain life and development.
22. The _____ on the chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell instruct the cell to
manufacture the proteins needed to sustain life and development.
23. Almost every human body cell contains _____ chromosomes.
24. Each variation of a gene is called a(n) _____.
25. All important human characteristics are _____, including diseases known to be
inherited.
26. _____ refers to all the microbes that live within every part of the body.
27. When a sperm and an ovum combine, they create a new single cell called a “_____.”
28. Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are called “_____.”
29. A person’s collection of genes is referred to as that person’s “_____.”
30. In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of each pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) “_____.”
31. The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same
gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.
32. The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and
sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same
gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.
33. If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is _____, the individual will be female.
34. Tamika learned in her high school science class that a female has a(n) _____ on the 23rd
pair of chromosomes.
35. If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is _____, the individual will be male.
36. Salman learned in his high school science class that a male has a(n) _____ on the 23rd
pair of chromosomes.
37. Michelle and Thomas are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. The sex of the
developing baby depends on the chromosomal contribution of _____.
38. One nation that forbids prenatal sex selection is _____.
39. Every sex difference is influenced by _____.
40. Identical twins are also called _____ twins.
41. Terri and Tina are the result of one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two
zygotes. Terri and Tina are _____.
42. Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.
43. Andrew and Ashley are the result of two separate ova that were fertilized by two
separate sperm at roughly the same time. Andrew and Ashley are _____.
44. Older women are more likely to double-ovulate. As a result, they are more likely to
have _____.
45. A person’s appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions combine to form the
_____.
46. A trait like personality is _____, or affected by many genes.
47. _____ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental,
that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that
may differ markedly from the genotype.
48. Suan has inherited genes that put him at risk for developing diabetes. However, Suan
never develops diabetes due to a healthy diet and exercise. This example demonstrates
that human characteristics, including diabetes, are _____.
49. The _____ is an international effort to map the complete human genetic code.
50. When the effects of genes add up to influence the phenotype, they are called “_____
genes.”
51. Height is probably influenced by _____ genes, each contributing a very small amount.
52. The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype
reflects one allele more than the other is referred to as a “_____.”
53. When someone inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed, that person is a(n) _____
of that gene.
54. A special case of the dominant–recessive pattern occurs with genes that are X-linked or
located on the _____ chromosome.
55. Males inherit X-linked disorders from the _____.
56. During differentiation, cells specialize, taking different forms and reproducing at
various rates, depending on where they are located. They are no longer omnipotent
_____ that could develop into a new person.
57. After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote, cells start to _____, meaning that they
take different forms and reproduce at various rates, depending on where they are
located.
58. _____ is the process in which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of
the uterus.
59. _____ is the name for a developing human organism from about the third week through
the eighth week after conception.
60. A developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until
birth is called the “______.”
61. A(n) _____ uses sound waves to generate an image of a fetus in utero.
62. The age at which a fetus may survive outside the womb is known as the “_____.”
63. The crucial factor in newborn survival is maturation of the _____.
64. A _____ test result suggests a problem that does not exist.
65. The most common extra-chromosome condition that results in a surviving child is
_____.
66. Every human has at least _____ autosomes and one X chromosome.
67. Most of the known single-gene disorders are _____.
68. _____ disorders are more common because they are passed down from one generation
to the next by carriers who are unaware of their genotypes.
69. The cognitive deficits caused by the genetic condition _____ are the most common form
of inherited intellectual disability.
70. Carriers of the sickle-cell gene die less often from _____, which is prevalent and lethal
in parts of Africa.
71. _____ can help prospective parents understand their genetic risk so that they can make
informed decisions about conceiving a child.
72. A(n) _____ is any agent or condition that increases the risk for prenatal abnormalities.
73. Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s
intellectual and emotional functioning, are called “_____ teratogens.”
74. Low levels of _____ during pregnancy can produce neural-tube defects.
75. Newborn Chris weighed 3.5 pounds at birth. Chris would be classified as _____
-birthweight.
76. _____ is the term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected,
given the time since conception.
77. The phenomenon in which low-SES immigrant women tend have fewer birth
complications than native-born peers with higher incomes is called the “_____.”
78. On average, a first baby is born after _____ hours of active labor.
79. The _____ is used to assess the newborn’s health at one minute and five minutes after
birth.
80. Most births in the United States take place in a(n) _____.
81. A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother’s abdomen and uterus allow the
fetus to be removed quickly, is referred to as a “_____.”
82. A woman who helps with the birth process, and who is likely to arrive at the woman’s
home during early labor and later work alongside a hospital’s staff, is called a “_____.”
83. In the United States, _____ of births occur via c-section.
84. Wanda is in labor and has requested a pain reliever known as a(n) _____, which is aninjection given in the spine that alleviates pain.
85. Labor that is started, speeded up, or strengthened with a drug is referred to as “_____
labor.”
86. In the Netherlands, _____ percent of births take place at home.
87. The _____ is a test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and
records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes.
88. A newborn’s involuntary response to a particular stimulus is called a(n) “_____.”
89. After giving birth to her first child, Maria experienced a deep sadness that made caring
for her child (and herself) difficult. Her husband noticed and called the family’s doctor,
who suggested Maria may have _____.
90. Malek gained weight and experienced nausea when his wife, Brenda, was pregnant.
Malek experienced _____.
91. Each human body cell contains _____ chromosomes.
A) 46 pairs of
B) 46
C) 23
D) 20 pairs of
92. A small section of a chromosome that instructs the cell to manufacture proteins needed
to sustain life and development is the:
A) nucleus.
B) gene.
C) genotype.
D) zygote.
93. The full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living organisms is called
the:
A) phenotype.
B) zygote.
C) genome.
D) allele.
94. Each human has a total of about _____ genes.
A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 30,000
D) 40,000
95. Each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of _____ amino
acids.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
96. All living things are composed of cells, which manufacture the _____ needed to sustain
life and development.
A) proteins
B) zygotes
C) genotypes
D) phenotypes
97. Each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is stored on:
A) a chromosome.
B) RNA.
C) a gene.
D) a zygote.
98. One aspect of both nature and nurture that profoundly affects each person is the _____,
which refers to all bacteria that live within every part of the body.
A) genome
B) allele
C) microbiome
D) zygotePage 10
99. A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same
characteristics is a(n):
A) chromosome.
B) zygote.
C) genotype.
D) allele.
100. The process of methylation can do all the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT
_____ them.
A) alter
B) connect
C) remove
D) transcribe
101. Some genes are _____, which means “many forms.”
A) polymorphic
B) multimorphic
C) allelomorphic
D) transmorphic
102. Dr. Margo studies how environmental factors affect gene expression. She studies:
A) atypical longevity.
B) sociobiology.
C) human pathogenesis.
D) epigenetics.
103. The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a:
A) chromosome.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) zygote.
104. Every human begins life as a single cell, which is called a:
A) chromosome.
B) zygote.
C) genotype.
D) genome.
105. Humans have 23 pairs of _____, which contain the instructions to make the proteins
needed for life and growth.
A) chromosomes
B) alleles
C) genotypes
D) zygotes
106. The instructions for making amino acids are on about 3 billion pairs of chemicals called
“_____ pairs.”
A) couple
B) foundation
C) base
D) copy
107. An individual’s entire genetic inheritance is called a(n):
A) phenotype.
B) allele.
C) genotype.
D) gamete.
108. In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched.
Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n):
A) allele.
B) gamete.
C) autosome.
D) blastocyst.
109. The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and
sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same
gene from the other parent, the gene pair is:
A) homozygous.
B) heterozygous.
C) monozygotic.
D) dizygotic.
110. The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and
sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same
gene from the other parent, the gene pair is:
A) homozygous.
B) heterozygous.
C) monozygotic.
D) dizygotic.
111. Individual A’s 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX. Individual A is:
A) male.
B) female.
C) neither male nor female.
D) both male and female.
112. Individual A’s 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Individual A is:
A) male.
B) female.
C) neither male nor female.
D) both male and female.
113. On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have:
A) two X chromosomes.
B) two Y chromosomes.
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
D) just a Y chromosome.
114. On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have:
A) two X chromosomes.
B) two Y chromosomes.
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
D) just a Y chromosome.
115. Males have one X and one Y on:
A) each sperm.
B) on the 43rd chromosome.
C) the 23rd pair of chromosomes.
D) each stem cell.
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116. Melissa and Brandon are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. The baby’s sex will be
decided by the chromosomes of:
A) Melissa.
B) Brandon.
C) both Melissa and Brandon.
D) neither Melissa nor Brandon.
117. Brad learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the:
A) Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes.
B) X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes.
C) X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes.
D) X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes.
118. Couples can select the sex of a child by all the following methods EXCEPT:
A) inactivating X or Y sperm before conception.
B) selecting only X eggs for fertilization.
C) aborting XX or XY fetuses.
D) undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female zygotes.
119. In China, a “one-child” policy cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of
reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified. All
the following were unintended consequences EXCEPT for:
A) there being far more unmarried men in China than women.
B) millions of newborn girls being placed up for adoption.
C) males living longer than females.
D) increased abortions of female fetuses.
120. Identical twins are also called _____ twins.
A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete
121. James and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of:
A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes.
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperm.
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperm.
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm.
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122. Stacey is in need of an an organ donation. Which organ donor would be the BEST
match for Stacey?
A) her grandparent
B) her younger sibling
C) James, her dizygotic twin
D) Samantha, her monozygotic twin
123. Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.
A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete
124. Jennifer and Jerry are dizygotic twins. They are the result of:
A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes.
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperm.
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperm.
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm.
125. Which of the following women is MOST likely to have dizygotic twins?
A) Pallavi, who is Korean
B) Oluchi, who is Nigerian
C) Mei, who is Chinese
D) Marissa, who is American
126. Which of the following women is MOST likely to conceive dizygotic twins?
A) Ashleigh, who is 20
B) Brynna, who is 27
C) Samima, who is 30
D) Olu, who is 35
127. Dizygotic twins have _____ of their genes in common.
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent
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128. The _____ is a person’s appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.
A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete
129. Vince and Juan are playing basketball. Vince shoots the ball, and Juan blocks the shot.
Vince says, “Wow, I didn’t realize how tall you were until you did that!” Vince’s
comment refers to Juan’s:
A) phenotype.
B) allele.
C) genotype.
D) gamete.
130. An individual’s phenotype describes all the following EXCEPT an individual’s:
A) genetic potential.
B) appearance.
C) personality.
D) intelligence.
131. Almost every trait is _____, which means it is affected by many genes.
A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) X-linked
D) monozygotic
132. Nancy rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, “My personality
is _____! So many genes make me who I am!”
A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) monozygotic
133. _____ refers to a trait that is affected by many variables, both genetic and
environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a
phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.
A) Polygenic
B) Nonadditive
C) Multifactorial
D) Monozygotic
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134. Jamal was born with genes to be a professional athlete, but his environmental
experiences never supported the development of his potential athletic ability, so he
never became a professional athlete. This example illustrates the concept of a trait
being:
A) polygenic.
B) nonadditive.
C) multifactorial.
D) monozygotic.
135. Epigenetics means that a trait:
A) is determined by genes alone.
B) is determined by the environment alone.
C) is determined by genes and the environment.
D) is determined by genes more than the environment.
136. Wayne has inherited genes that put him at risk for developing diabetes, but he never
develops diabetes due to a healthy diet and exercise. This example demonstrates that
human characteristics, including diabetes, are:
A) polygenic.
B) nonadditive.
C) continuous.
D) epigenetic.
137. The _____ was a worldwide effort to map all human genes.
A) Hap Map
B) Apgar scale
C) Human Genome Project
D) Brazelton Assessment
138. Upon the completion of the Human Genome Project, several surprise findings were
made, including all the following EXCEPT that:
A) humans have far fewer genes than had previously been thought.
B) humans are extremely genetically different from each other.
C) almost all genes are present in every human being.
D) the genetic codes for humans and chimpanzees are 98 percent the same.
