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Theories of Personality: A Zonal Perspective (Berecz)
Chapter 2: Ancient and Contemporary Compositional Theories of Personality
Discussion Question
1) When you find yourself bored, how do you typically respond? Do you think you are (or are not) a
sensation seeker? Explain your answer.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of these is not one of Hippocrates’ four qualities that the universe is made up of? A) Cold B) Hot C) Saturated D) Dry Answer: C
2) Which of these is not part of Galen’s theory of four humors? A) Black bile B) Yellow bile C) Red bile D) Phlegm Answer: C
3) When Galen updated his four humors to the four temperaments, which of these was NOT included? A) Melancholic B) Despondent C) Choleric D) Sanguine Answer: B
4) According to Galen, a humor is which of the following? A) A good joke producing laughter B) A bodily fluid producing a behavioral trait C) A bodily fluid producing private responses in the brain D) None of the above Answer: B
5) Someone whose personality is described as aloof, apathetic, and cold is demonstrating which
temperament? A) Melancholic B) Choleric C) Sanguine D) Phlegmatic Answer: D
6) According to Hebb, a group of neurons that develop into a functioning unit through repeated stimulation
is referred to as what? A) Cell assembly B) Neurotransmitters C) Genomes D) Telemetry Answer: A
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7) Hebb and Edelman subscribed to the theory of person as neuronal circuits, while Wilson subscribed to A) person as chromosome carrier. B) person as neuronal group selector. C) person as non-invasive sensors. D) person as cultural universal. Answer: A
8) Hamilton suggested inclusive fitness, while Darwin suggested which less broadly defined term? A) Reclusive fitness B) Exclusive fitness C) Individual fitness D) Group fitness Answer: C
9) We can reasonably conclude that a dog has a personality, and an amoeba A) does not. B) also does. C) has multiple personalities. D) shows weak personality traits. Answer: A
10) Cloninger’s model of personality suggested that personality traits are based on levels of three
neurotransmitters. These are all of the below except A) dopamine. B) serotonin. C) melatonin. D) norepinephrine. Answer: C
11) A sociobiologist focuses primarily on A) how people process social situations. B) how people propagate genes. C) how people process thoughts and information. D) how people are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal. Answer: B
12) Among sociobiologists, the Leash Principle means A) a genetic basis for culture that provides everyone a capacity for social behavior. B) genes set the boundaries for culture. C) favoritism toward relatives. D) symbols or behaviors found in every society. Answer: B
13) Which of these has nothing to do with Edward Wilson? A) Visual impairment B) Intellectually animated C) Walking in straight lines D) Sensation seeking Answer: D
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: A ZONAL PERSPECTIVE
14) Sociobiology attempts to explain social behaviors in terms of A) limbic resonance. B) cell assemblies. C) cultural universals. D) genes. Answer: D
15) Brain activity has traditionally been measured using A) non-invasive sensors. B) telemetry. C) Electroencephalograms. D) Autonomic Nervous System. Answer: C
16) Researchers can directly measure changes in one’s body with a weak electrical current, and measuring
changes in conductance when ________ is activated. A) MRI B) Electroencephalogram C) PET D) Autonomic Nervous System Answer: D
17) When someone is talking about “the total number of genes carried by a species,” they are referring to A) chromosomes. B) genome. C) nuclei. D) None of the above Answer: B
18) Sensation seeking is A) seeking activities in order to have a sensation. B) seeking activities in order to avoid work. C) seeking activities in order to avoid boredom. D) seeking sensations in order to have an activity. Answer: C
19) Which of these did Wilson NOT use in composing his sociobiology theory of personality? A) Cultural universals B) Genes and chromosomes C) Exclusive fitness D) Leash principle Answer: C
20) A person who says that the cause for their alcoholism is in their genes is using which theory of
personality? A) Naturalism B) Behaviorism C) Sociobiology D) Determinism Answer: C
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21) In the sociobiology theory, nepotism is explained by inclusive fitness while wearing clothing is
explained by A) cultural universals. B) inbuilt customs. C) leash principle. D) individual fitness. Answer: A
22) When a mother gives a better piece of fruit to her child instead of the neighbor child, sociobiology
would say it is because A) she wants to propagate her genes into the future. B) this is what culture says is acceptable for her to do. C) she doesn’t want her child to be mad at her since she has to live with him. D) she dislikes the neighbor child. Answer: A
23) Practicing spiking a volleyball directly to the inside of the side-line makes you more likely to get a
good hit in a game because A) the neuronal groups that function when you hit just inside have been strengthened by use. B) the neuronal groups that function when you hit the ball badly have been pruned by non-use. C) Both A and B D) Neither A nor B Answer: C
24) Hebb called the neurons that work together a cell assembly, but Edelman updated this concept to
follow natural selection and renamed them A) neuronal groups. B) synaptic fellows. C) a cell community. D) inclusive neurons. Answer: A
25) Modern research is similar to the ancient Greek thought in that A) they both use blood letting techniques to solve constipation problems. B) they both trace our personalities or problems back to our composition. C) both accept the idea of clinical causality. D) Both B and C Answer: D
26) Which of these terms did sociobiologists use to describe how genes set the boundaries for culture? A) Cultural Universals B) Biogrammar C) Leash principle D) Cultural hyperextension Answer: C
27) Cultural hyperextension refers to the idea of A) behavior found in every society because universal must be genetically transmitted. B) genetic basis for culture. C) culture is limited to genes. D) culture sometimes amplifies our inclinations. Answer: D
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: A ZONAL PERSPECTIVE
28) The term for the capacity to learn language as a universal social behavior is A) leash principle. B) cultural universal. C) cultural hyperextension. D) biogrammar. Answer: D
29) Someone who displays nepotism A) is seeking exciting activities in order to avoid boredom. B) is showing a melancholic temperament. C) is showing favoritism toward relatives. D) is showing individual fitness. Answer: C
30) Sociobiologists view the driving force towards “nepotism” as A) devotion to family. B) unification of family. C) favoritism towards relatives. D) propagation of one’s genes. Answer: D
31) Where social psychologists study how people process social situations, sociobiologists focus on A) thought and information. B) how persons propagate genes. C) the uniqueness of the neural structures of the brain. D) motivating by future goals. Answer: C
32) Which of the following is an example of compositional theory? A) A cork floats because it is less dense than water. B) Fish live in water because they have gills and fins. C) Birds fly because they have feathers and light bones. D) All of the above Answer: D
33) Genes are A) the chemical building blocks of our bodies. B) special proteins that activate thousands of chemical reactions. C) tiny threadlike structures that form into pairs of rods just before a cell divides. D) infinitely small units of DNA that determine which features living organisms inherit from their parents. Answer: D
34) Inclusive fitness is defined as maximizing the transmission of one’s genes into subsequent generations
by
A) producing offspring. B) assisting relatives to survive. C) Both A and B D) Neither A or B Answer: C
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35) The fact that a newborn kitten, which is blind at birth and has never crawled before, is able to
memorize the path to its mother’s belly to eat can be explained by theories of A) cultural learning. B) prepared learning. C) evolutionary biology. D) tabula rasa. Answer: B
36) Wilson believed that our body’s primary function is to do what? A) To hold our brain and mind B) To interact with the outside world C) To pass on our genes D) All of the above Answer: C
37) According to sociobiologists, what is the purpose for the existence of man? A) To contribute genes to the gene pool B) To evolve and improve sociological circumstances C) To evolve as far as possible D) To create a perfect social environment Answer: A
38) Ancient Egyptians attributed female personality disorders to be caused by A) the movements of the sun and moon causing fluctuating moods. B) the movements of the uterus throughout the body. C) an imbalance of the four humors. D) dehydration. Answer: B
39) What perspective says that rape is the “product” of a male who can’t get a girlfriend? A) Sociobiological B) Person as neuronal circuits C) Person as biochemical ingredients D) All of the above Answer: A
40) Telemetry is a system whereby recordings made at the body are sent by radio waves to A) a central data processor. B) a central records-keeping unit. C) non-invasive sensors that respond. D) a genome. Answer: A
