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Review Questions for Chapter Two
Essay Questions:
1. List and discuss two essential developments in early hominins once they “came
down from the trees” that gave rise to behavioral differences between
hominins and apes.
2. The quantities of carnivore bones found in bone piles at both Koobi Fora and
Olduvai are somewhat higher than in the natural environment. What
conclusions can you draw from this and what is your evidence?
3. Describe the earliest uses of technical and social intelligence among humans,
how they are revealed in the archaeological record, and what distinguishes
these from the cognitive skills of other hominoids?
4. The first hominins were tree-living, with long arms and legs and broad chests,
who eventually became bipedal. Describe the evidence for this statement.
Fill-in-the-Blank:
1. At least __________ glacial periods occurred during the Pleistocene epoch.
Answer: 9 (pg 38)
2. How long ago did hominoids–humans, gorillas and chimpanzees–last share a
common ancestor: __________ years.
Answer: 6-7 million (pg 42)
3. __________ freed hands and arms for other uses and gave hominins
endurance to move across long distances.
Answer: bipedalism (pg 42)
4. A specialized way of moving around in which the backs of the fingers are
placed on the ground is __________.
Answer: knuckle walking (pg 42)
5. The main crucible of early human evolution is in __________.
Answer: East Africa (pg 44)
6. Hominins consist of two broad groups: _________ and __________.
Answer: Australopithecines and Homo (pg 45)
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7. __________ preceded the expansion of brain size in some hominins.
Answer: Meat-eating (pg 52)
8. Making stone tools requires the cognitive ability to find the correct
__________for removing flakes from a stone core.
Answer: acute angle (pg 60)
9. At present, the earliest hominin to be classified in the genus Homo is
__________.
Answer: Homo habilis (pg 52)
10. Before leaving the trees, most hominins depended upon __________ as
their major source of food.
Answer: plants (pg 41)
True-False:
1. The Pleistocene epoch was marked by the mixing of populations of animals in
hospitable areas and the evolution of new species.
Answer: true (pg 40)
2. Monkeys belong to the same suborder of primates, anthropoids, as humans.
Answer: True (pg 40)
3. The closest living primate relative of humans is the gorilla.
Answer: False (pg 41)
4. Paleoanthropologists believe that Australopithecus africanus is the direct
ancestor of humankind.
Answer: False (pg 51)
5. Finds of Australopithecus are confined to East Africa.
Answer: False (pg 51)
6. A third line of australopithecines comprises the species Australopithecus
garhi, a hominin seemingly specialized as a meat eater.
Answer: True (pg 51)
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7. There were at least five species of robust australopithecines.
Answer: False (pg 51)
8. Homo habilis lost the generalized hominoid ability to climb trees.
Answer: False (pg 54)
9. There is no evidence that hominins killed or even scavenged the flesh of biggame animals.
Answer: false (pg 60)
10. Plants and vegetable foods were likely the most important part of the diet of
very early humans.
Answer: true (pg 62-63)
11. Chimpanzees can learn to recognize acute angles in stone and use them to
chip off flakes.
Answer: false (pg 63)
12 Homo habilis was able to “map” its resourses over wide areas.
Answer: true (pg 64)
13. Studies of complete skulls of Homo species show a gradual descent of the
larynx to its modern position.
Answer: true (pg 65)
14. Fully articulate speech was probably possible as early as the earliest
appearance of Homo erectus.
Answer: false (pg 65)
15. A few species of Australopithecus were found in the New World.
Answer: false (pg 51)
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Multiple-Choice:
1. The oldest known hominin, with some ape-like and human-like features is
____________________.
a. Sahelanthropolus tchadensis (Toumai)
b. Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)
c. Homo habilis
d. Ardipithecus ramidis
Answer: a (pg 44)
2. Early hominins faced three adaptive problems. These included:
a. their size and arboreal environment
b. their bipedalism and terrestrial environment
c. their size and tropical savannah environment
d. their size and arboreal cognitive skills
Answer: d (pg 42)
3. “Lucy” is the nearly complete skeleton of a female _____________.
a. Australopithecus anamensis
b. Australopithecus afarensis
c. Homo habilis
d. Homo erectus
Answer: b (pg 48)
4. Homo habilis had a cranial capacity of ___________ cubic centimeters.
a. 600-700+
b. 800-900
c. 500-900
d. 1000-1200
Answer: a (pg 53)
5. Homo erectus first appears in the fossil record _________ years ago.
a. 1,000,000
b. 1,900,000
c. 2,700,000
d. 1,500,000
Answer: b (pg 57)
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6. Cladistic analysis divides hominins into two groups, the more ape-like groups
comprising the australopithecines, Homo habilis and Homo
______________.
a. erectus
b. rudolfensis
c. sapiens
d. heidelbergensis
Answer: a (pg 56)
7. Homo habilis appears to have lived close to
a. mountains
b. glaciers
c. reliable water sources
d. rainforests
Answer: c (pg 61)
8. The earliest human tools were probably made of ___________.
a. stone
b. bone
c. bamboo
d. wood
Answer: d (pg 59)
9. The oldest known stone tool industry is the _______________.
a. Mousterian
b. Oldowan
c. Acheulean
d. Olduvian
Answer: b (pg 59)
10. Many skeletal features of the primates reflect a ____________ existence.
a. nocturnal
b. diurnal
c. tree-living
d. savanna
Answer: c (pg 41)
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11. The brilliant technological, artistic, and expressive skills of humankind may
well be a consequence of the fact that our early ancestors had to be more and
more _____________ adept.
a. technologically
b. socially
c. mentally
d. artistically
Answer: b (pg 66)
12. The first member of the Homo lineage was_____________.
a. Homo neanderthalensis
b. Homo sapiens
c. Homo erectus
d. Homo habilis
Answer: d (pg 52)
