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Chapter 01
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
True / False Questions
- Both the size and shape of bones can limit or allow movements.
TRUE
- There are approximately 552 muscles in the human body.
FALSE
- The shape of bones does not limit movement.
FALSE
- During the process of bone remodeling osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone.
FALSE
- Cortical bone has a low degree of porosity which consists of approximately 5-30% mineralized tissue.
FALSE
- The medullary canal is located at the ends of long bones.
FALSE
- The scapula is an example of an irregular bone.
FALSE
- One of the functions of articular cartilage is to separate the diaphysis and epiphysis.
FALSE
- Typical bony features include tendons, epiphysis, and articular cartilage.
FALSE
- Epiphyseal plates generally close by age 18 but some may be present until age 27.
FALSE
- Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body.
TRUE
- Most outer bone is composed of cortical bone with cancellous bone underneath.
TRUE
- Cancellous bone is stiffer and therefore can withstand greater stress but less strain than cortical bone.
FALSE
- Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension.
TRUE
- Longitudinal bone growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open.
TRUE
- Osteoclasts are specialized cells that form and resorb new bone.
FALSE
- Aging induces a progressive increase of collagen in bone that results in an increase in brittleness.
FALSE
- Bone size and shape are influenced by both the direction and magnitude of applied forces.
TRUE
- Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses that are placed upon them.
TRUE
- Ligaments through their bone to bone connections provide dynamic stability to diarthrodial joints.
FALSE
- Diarthrodial joints are also known as synovial joints.
TRUE
- Flexion/extension is an example of movement in a coronal plane about an anteroposterior axis.
FALSE
- Of all the movements possible in the joints of the body, flexion/extension is the most commonly occurring.
TRUE
Multiple Choice Questions
- Which of the following is true regarding circumduction?
A.Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
B. Synonymous with rotation
C. Occurs only one joint
D. Combines flexion and extension
- Which of the following is the correct definition of biomechanics?
A.Study of motion of human movement
B. Study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems
C. Application of mechanical physics to human motion
D. Study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement
- Which of the following is the correct definition of kinesiology?
A.Study of anatomy (active and passive structures), physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement
B. Study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems
C. Application of mechanical physics to human motion
D. Study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement
- Which of the following is not an example of a movement in the sagittal plane?
A.Flexion
B. Extension
C. Lateral flexion
D. Plantar flexion
- The frontal plane divides the body into _____.
A.right and left halves
B. front and back halves
C. top and bottom halves
D. medial and lateral halves
- Movements in the transverse plane occur around which axis?
A.Mediolateral
B. Anteroposterior
C. Vertical
D. Horizontal
- Elbow extension takes place in what plane?
A.Sagittal
B. Frontal
C. Transverse
D. Longitudinal
- Abduction takes place around which axis?
A.Anteroposterior
B. Mediolateral
C. Longitudinal
D. Horizontal
- Shaking the head “No” occurs in which plane?
A.Sagittal
B. Frontal
C. Transverse
D. Oblique
- Each of the following joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except?
A.Gomphosis
B. Syndesmosis
C. Synchondrosis
D. Symphysis
- Which of the following movements occur at the shoulder joint but not at the knee?
A.Flexion
B. Extension
C. Circumduction
D. Rotation
- During an underhand softball pitch that does not involve a windmill windup, the hand holding the ball is moved to a posterior position with respect the torso prior to the forward swing of the arm that releases the ball. In what order do the movements occur at the shoulder joint to make this motion possible?
A.Abduction, adduction
B. Adduction, abduction
C. Extension, flexion
D. Flexion, extension
- What term is used to describe the motion of bringing the dorsum of the foot closer to the anterior leg?
A.Flexion
B. Extension
C. Dorsiflexion
D. Plantar flexion
- Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the head with respect to the left arm?
A.Superior and medial
B. Anterior and medial
C. Distal and lateral
D. Inferior and lateral
- Bone is composed of all but one of the following constituents.
A.Protein
B. Calcium
C. Phosphorus
D. Water
- Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system?
A.Protection of internal organs
B. Support to maintain posture
C. Mineral Storage
D. Production of heat
- Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from physiological movements is known as _____.
A.osteokinematic motion
B. arthrokinematic motion
C. accessory motion
D. osteochondral motion
- The three specific types of accessory motions are described as _____.
A.slip, slide, and roll
B. spin, twirl, and glide
C. rock, slide, and circumfusion
D. roll, spin, and glide
- If the knee were not able to slide, the femur would _____ when going from flexion to extension on a stationary tibia.
A.roll off the back of the tibia
B. roll off the front of the tibia
C. spin more internally on the tibia
D. spin more externally on the tibia
- Motion between the articular surfaces of bone is known as _____.
A.kinetics
B. osteokinematics
C. arthrokinematics
D. biomechanics
- Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine is _____.
A.pronation
B. protraction
C. retraction
D. reduction
- Movement of the little finger side of the hand toward the forearm in the lateral plane is _____.
A.palmar flexion
B. radial flexion
C. ulnar flexion
D. volar flexion
- An instrument used to measure the change in joint angles is a(an) _____.
A.flexometer
B. jointmeter
C. arthrometer
D. goniometer
Essay Questions
- List the six (6) types of diarthrodial/synovial joints.
- Arthrodial
2. Condyloidal
3. Enarthrodial
4. Ginglymus
5. Seller
6. Trochoidal
- Using proper joint terminology list the name and position of each joint involved upon completion of the following multiple joint movement. Starting from the anatomical position, reach with your right arm and touch the ipsilateral side of your head with the palm of your hand.
Answer will vary
- List three (3) of the terms that are used to describe bone markings.
Answer will vary
- List two of the most commonly occurring movements for each of the following planes.
sagittal, frontal, transverse.
Answer will vary
Chapter 05
The Shoulder Joint
True / False Questions
- The origin of the pectoralis major muscle is the coracoid process of the scapula.
FALSE
- The coracobrachialis muscle inserts on the coracoid process.
FALSE
- The teres minor muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve from C5 and C6.
TRUE
- The deltoid muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve from C5 and C6.
TRUE
- The sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve arising from C8 and T1.
FALSE
- When attempting extreme external rotation the total shoulder range of motion is enhanced by scapula adduction.
TRUE
- The clavicular head of the pectoralis major is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve arising from C5, C6, and C7.
TRUE
- The infraspinatus muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve from C5 and C6.
TRUE
- The coracobrachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve from C5, C6, and C7.
TRUE
- The origin of the pectoralis major muscle includes the medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle.
TRUE
- The origin of the pectoralis major muscle includes the portion of the sternum adjacent to the costal cartilages of the first six ribs.
TRUE
- The insertion of the pectoralis major muscle is the flat tendon 2-3 inches wide to the outer lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
TRUE
- The origin of the deltoid muscle includes the anterior lateral third of the clavicle and the lateral portion of the acromion process.
TRUE
- The insertion of the deltoid muscle is the humeral tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
FALSE
- The range of motion of the glenohumeral joint in the frontal plane is approximately 90-95° for adduction and abduction.
TRUE
- Posterior dislocations occur frequently at the glenohumeral joint.
FALSE
- The rotator cuff muscle group includes the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles.
TRUE
- The agonist muscles associated with glenohumeral diagonal abduction are the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, and biceps brachii.
FALSE
- The agonist muscles that perform glenohumeral flexion are the anterior deltoid and the pectoralis major.
TRUE
- One of the functions of the supraspinatus muscle is to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
TRUE
- Subscapularis action is opposed by the infraspinatus.
TRUE
- The stability of the glenohumeral joint is enhanced by its significant mobility.
FALSE
- Anterior deltoid action is opposed by the posterior deltoid.
TRUE
- Supraspinatus action prevents superior translation of the humerus.
TRUE
- Glenohumeral joint stability is enhanced by the glenoid labrum.
TRUE
Multiple Choice Questions
- Which of the following muscles of the shoulder joint are located on the posterior surface of the scapula?
A.Pectoralis major
B. Coracobrachialis
C. Supraspinatus
D. Subscapularis
- Which of the following is not a structure associated with the shoulder joint?
A.Ribs
B. Humerus
C. Clavicle
D. Scapula
- Which of the following is an action of the middle fibers of the deltoid muscles?
A.Abduction
B. Extension
C. Flexion
D. Adduction
- Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff group?
A.Supraspinatus
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres minor
D. Intrascapularis
- Which of the following is not a function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
A.External rotation
B. Internal rotation
C. Extension
D. Adduction
- Which of the following is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
A.Posterior crest of the ilium
B. Back of the sacrum
C. Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
D. Spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae
- Which of the following is not an origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
A.Posterior crest of the ilium
B. Back of the sacrum
C. Spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae
D. Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
- Which of the following is an action of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
A.Internal rotation
B. External rotation
C. Extension
D. Both internal rotation and extension
- Which of the following is not an action of the pectoralis major muscle?
A.Internal rotation
B. Pronation
C. Flexion
D. Abduction
- Which of the following is an origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
A.Posterior crest of the ilium
B. Front of the sacrum
C. Spinous processes of the lumbar and lower eight thoracic vertebrae
D. Slips of the lower seven ribs
- Which of the following are not actions of the pectoralis minor muscle?
A.Abduction
B. Downward rotation
C. Depression
D. Adduction
- The glenohumeral ligaments include all of the following except?
A.Anterior glenohumeral ligament
B. Superior glenohumeral ligament
C. Inferior glenohumeral ligament
D. Middle glenohumeral ligament
- Which of the following is not considered to be a muscle in the rotator cuff group?
A.Teres major
B. Teres minor
C. Infraspinatus
D. Subscapularis
- An action common to the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and lower pectoralis major is _____.
A.abduction
B. extension
C. external rotation
D. flexion
- Which of the following is considered to be an extrinsic glenohumeral muscle?
A.Deltoid
B. Coracobrachialis
C. Teres major
D. Latissimus dorsi
- Which of the following is not an intrinsic glenohumeral muscle?
A.Deltoid
B. Coracobrachialis
C. Teres major
D. Pectoralis major
- Which of the following are not anterior muscles of the shoulder joint?
A.Pectoralis major
B. Coracobrachialis
C. Supraspinatus
D. Subscapularis
- An action common to the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and lower pectoralis major is _____.
A.abduction
B. adduction
C. external rotation
D. flexion
- Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to the predisposition for injury at the glenohumeral joint?
A.Shallowness of glenoid fossa
B. Laxity of ligamentous structures
C. Lack of strength and endurance in muscles
D. Tight configuration of ligaments
- An action common to the latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis and pectoralis major is _____.
A.abduction
B. adduction
C. internal rotation
D. extension
- An action common to the posterior deltoid, teres minor, and infraspinatus is _____.
A.abduction
B. adduction
C. external rotation
D. internal rotation
- The most common glenohumeral dislocation is _____.
A.anterior
B. inferior
C. posterior
D. superior
- Which of the following glenohumeral motions is often restricted leading to a higher risk of injury among overhead throwers?
A.Abduction
B. Flexion
C. External rotation
D. Internal rotation
Essay Questions
- Explain how the glenohumeral joint remains stable during movement. Use facts such as specific muscles and ligaments to support your answer.
Answer will vary
- List two (2) muscles of the shoulder joint that are considered to be extrinsic.
- Latissimus dorsi
2. Pectoralis major
